Experimental and Comparative Studies on Processes of Motor and Relaxation Skills Acquisition

本研究的重点是运动技能和放松技能的习得过程。我们打算对这两种技能的习得过程进行比较，并阐明这两种技能之间的差异和共同点。对于运动技能的习得，我们使用了一辆独轮车作为实验任务，因为这项任务在方法论方面具有许多优势。在第一个实验中，10名本科生新手参加了骑独轮车的日常训练。研究结果如下：(1)受试者在10次乳品训练中，可以连续骑独轮车超过10秒。(2)在学习过程的试错阶段后，骑行时间急剧增加。(3)在习得过程的早期阶段获得的策略与在后期阶段获得的不同。(4)在习得的后期，受试者报告的减少不必要的肌肉张力的次数比在早期更多。在第二个实验中，我们记录了肌电ac…。骑独轮车时的更多活动(EMG)来自两个受试者，能够骑行超过10秒(新手)和专家受试者。在放松技巧方面，我们通过问卷调查的方式对放松策略进行了调查。数据显示，在日本最受欢迎的放松策略是控制呼吸，在日常生活的紧张情况下冷静下来。然而，很少有科学研究阐明放松和呼吸之间的关系。然后，我们进行了两个实验，以揭示呼吸、压力和放松之间的关系。在另一个实验中，我们选择了野口体操作为放松任务，这在日本是一种著名的放松练习。参加实验的新手本科生包括野口体操的日常训练课程。本实验获得的习得过程与单车训练实验中获得的过程相似，说明两种技能的习得过程有一定的共性。在未来，有必要进行进一步的研究，以关注教学是否能改变这些过程。较少

This study focused on acquisition processes of motor skills and relaxation skills. We intended to compare with acquisition processes of these two skills and to clarify the diffrences and the communities between these skills.For motor skill acquisition, we used a unicycle as an experimental task, since this task has many advantages of methodological aspects. In the first experiment, 10 novice undergraduates participated in daily training sessions to ride a unicycle. Following results were obtained : (1)Subjects could ride a unicycle more than 10 seconds continuously within 10 dairy sessions. (2)Riding time increased drastically after trail-and-error phase of learning processes. (3)Strategies obtained during the early stage of acquisitionprocesses were differnt from those obtained in the late stage. (4)In the late stage of acquisition, subjects reported more frequently to reduce unnecessary muscle tension than in the early stage. In the second experiment, we recorded electromyographic ac … More tivities (EMG) during riding unicycle from both subjects being able to ride more than 10 seconds(novice)and expert subjects. The results showed that novice subjects showed unnecessary EMG activities than experts.For relaxation skill, we conducted an investigation concerning relaxation strategies by questionnaire. The data showed that the most popular relaxation strategy in Japan is breathing control to calm down in the stressful situation of daily life. However, there has been few scientific studies clarified the relationship between relaxation and respiration. Then we conducted two experiments to reveal the relationships among respiration, stress and relaxation. In another experiments, we chose Noguchi Gymnastics as a relaxation task, which is famous as a relaxation exercise in Japan. Novice undergraduates participated the experiment consisted of daily training sessions for Noguchi Gymnastics. Acquisition processes obtained from this experiment were similar with those obtained in the experiment for training of a unicycle.These results suggested that acquisition processes of two skills have something in common. In the future, it's necessary to conduct the further sdudies to focus on whether instruction could alter these processes. Less