Studies on Behavior and Reduction of Environmental Nitroarenes

(1)金泽市区空气中1,3-二硝基芘（1,3- dnp）、1,6- dnp、1,8- dnp和1-硝基芘（1- np）的平均浓度分别为fmol m^<-3>和sub pmol m^<33>-pmol m^<-3>。白天浓度较高，午夜和清晨浓度较低。这种日变化与交通量有很好的相关性，表明汽车是主要贡献者。其浓度在春夏季高，秋冬季低。作为其原因，考虑了前几个季节的阳光降解和后几个季节的低大气混合深度。(2)测定了金泽、札幌、东京市区冬夏空气中1,3-、1,6-、1,8- dnps和1- np的浓度。虽然金泽的平均浓度低于东京和札幌，但其趋势与上述相似。札幌的1-NP与DNPs的比率是三个城市中最大的，这表明……柴油发动机汽车与汽油发动机汽车的比率最大。(3)柴油颗粒物中1,3-、1,6-和1,8- dnps的浓度与汽油颗粒物中相同。但柴油颗粒物中1-NP的浓度远高于汽油颗粒物。考虑到柴油车排放的颗粒物量远大于汽油车，柴油车对城市空气中上述化合物量的贡献远大于汽油车。(4)在TA98、YG1021和YG1024 3种染色剂的Ames试验中，在日变化和季节变化研究中，4种浓度与直接作用诱变活性均有良好的相关系数。其中，YG1024给出的系数最大。4种化合物对YG1024和TA98菌株空气活性的贡献率分别为30%和10%左右。硅胶柱层析表明，其他贡献者极性较小。当颗粒被分成不同粒径的5个组分时，化合物和活性主要存在于最细的颗粒组分（小于1.1um）中，这些颗粒组分在肺泡中被吸附最多。少

(1) Each mean concentration of 1,3-dinitropyrene (1,3-DNP), 1,6-DNP,1,8-DNP and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) in air in downtown Kanazawa were in the levels of fmol m^<-3> and sub pmol m^<33>-pmol m^<-3>, respectively. The concentrations were high in the daytime and low in the midnight and early in the morning. This diurnal variation gave a good correlation to the traffic volume, suggesting automobiles were the main contributors. The concentrations were high in spring and summer and low in autumn and winter. As reasons for this, degradation by sunlight in the former seasons and low atmospheric mixing dephts in the latter seasons were considered.(2) Concentrations of 1,3-, 1,6-and 1,8-DNPs and 1-NP in air in winter and summer in downtown Kanazawa, Sapporo and Tokyo were determined. Although the mean concentrations in Kanazawa were lower than those in Tokyo and Sapporo, there were similar tendencies as described above. The 1-NP to DNPs ratio in Sapporo was the largest in the three cities, suggest … More ing the largest diesel-engine vehicles to gasoline-engine vehicles ratio.(3) Concentrations of 1,3-, 1,6-and 1,8-DNPs in diesel Particulate were at the same levels as those in gasoline particulate. However, the concentration of 1-NP in diesel particulate was much higher than that in gasoline particulate. Considering the amount of particulates emitted from diesel-engine much larger than that of gasoline-engine, the contribution of diesel-engine vehicles to the amount of the above compounds in urban air was much larger than that of gasoline-engine vehicles.(4) In both diurnal and seasonal variation studies, good correlation coefficients were observed between the four concentrations and direct-acting mutagenic activities by the Ames test using three stains, TA98, YG1021 and YG1024. In the three, the YG1024 gave the largest coefficient. The contributions of the four compounds to the activities of air in YG1024 and TA98 strains were about 30% and 10%, respectively. The silica gel column chromatography suggested that the other contributors were less polar. When particulates were separately collected into five fractions of different particulate sizes, both the compounds and the activity were mainly contained in the finest particulate fraction (less than 1.1um) which was most adsorbed in alveoli of the lung. Less