International Comparison of Emission and Exposure of Polycydic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cities Surrounding Pan-Japan Sea

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Airborne particulates were collected in seven cities in the Pan-Japan Sea countries, Shenyang (China), Vladivostok (Russia), Seoul (South Korea), Kitakyushu, Kanazawa, Tokyo and Sapporo (Japan), in winter and summer. In addition, particulates from domestic coal-burning stoves and particulates from diesel-engine automobiles were collected. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fluoranthene, pyrene (Pyx), benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and four nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,8-dinitropyrenes, and 1-nitropyrenes (1-Np) in the extracts from the particulates were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence defections, respectively. The mean atmospheric concentrations of PAHs in Shenyang and Vladivostok were substantially higher than those in Seoul, Tokyo, Sapporo, Kitakyushu and Kanazawa. However, the mean atmospheric concentrations of NPAHs were at the same levels in every city except for Kitakyushu. Obvious seasonal variations (winter > summer) in the PAR and NPAH concentrations were observed in each city. In order to study the major contributors of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs in these cities, cluster analysis and factor analysis were used and three large clusters were identified. Furthermore, the concentration ratios of 1-Np to Pyr were significantly smaller in Shenyang, Vladivostok and Kitakyushu and the values were close to those of particulates in the exhaust from coal stoves. However, the ratios were larger in Seoul, Kanazawa, Tokyo and Sapporo and the values were close to those of particulates in the exhaust from diesel-engine automobiles. Our results show that the concentration ratio of 1-Np to Pyr is an useful indicator of the contributions made by diesel-engine vehicles and coal combustion systems to particulates in urban air.