Trade and Environmental Problems

我们研究的第一部分表明，环境危机，特别是土地的侵蚀和退化，是我们短视的结果：我们的兴趣是在非常短的时间内尽可能增加产量，而不是充分关注我们的行为对子孙后代福祉的长期影响。首先，我们主要通过可行的技术观点来考察农业和制造业之间的相似之处。我们还通过注意两个低熵来源(6)的根本不对称性来研究它们之间的本质差异：阳光和化石燃料。我们表明，由于这种不对称性，农业无法实现比制造业更高的生产率。然后，我们表明现代农业只不过是制造业，通过生态演替强烈反对自然的模式。我们研究的第二部分旨在作为一个可能的理论步骤，重新定位不仅是在世界每个地区实现自给自足的经济体系，而且是增强世界作为一个整体的可持续发展的条件。第二节介绍了过去和现在生态退化的不同和相似之处，特别关注第二类效率。第三节在介绍国际贸易的标准理论之后，提出了南北贸易问题的熵理论分析方法和促进可持续发展的三点建议。第四节在历史背景下重新思考人与自然的关系。我们认为，生态危机的根源可以从人类进化模式的变化中看出。在最后一节中，我们从层级理论的角度谈到了生态衰退的感知问题。

The first part of our study shows that the environmental crisis, the erosion and degradation of lands in particular, is the result of our myopia : our interest is to increase production as much as possible within a very short span of time, instead of paying a sufficient attention to the long run effect of our conduct on the welfare of the future generations. First of all, we examine similarities between farming and manufacturing, mainly throughviable technological points of view. We also investigate essential differences between them by noting the fundamental asymmetry of the two sources of low entropy (6) : sunlight and fossil fuels. We show that agriculture cannot achieve a higher productivity than manufacturing due to this asymmetry. Then we show that modern agriculture is nothing but manufacturing, strongly against the patternof nature through ecological succession.The second part of our study is intended as a possible theoretical step to reorientation toward not only realization of the self-sufficient economic system in each region of the world but also enhancement of conditions for sustainability in the world as a whole. Section 2 introduces both differences and similarities of ecological degradation in the past and present, a special attention being paid to type two efficiency. After touching on standard theory of international trade, Section 3 gives an entropy theoretical approach to North-South trade issues and three proposals for promotion of sustainability. Section 4 reconsiders relationship of man with nature in a historical setting. We show that the origin of ecological crisis can be seen in the change in the mode of man's evolution. In the final section we touch on the problem of perception of ecological decline from a hierarchy theoretical point of view.