Analysis of color vision mechanism in a microbrain

1)凤蝶视觉系统波长信息加工机制首先，我们分析了凤蝶视网膜中特征宽带受体的光谱来源。宽带受体被证明可以同时表达吸收绿色和吸收橙色的视觉色素。其次，我们进行了详细的解剖第一视神经节，板，在EM水平。除了光感受器和二级视觉中间神经元之间的突触连接外，我们还发现了许多光感受器间的连接。连续电镜观察显示，三种光谱异质性小眼的光感受器间连接模式不同。再次，我们对凤蝶的大脑进行了免疫细胞化学分析，使用了针对神经递质候选物（如血清素、酪胺、组胺和GABA等）的特异性抗体。2)对凤蝶的色觉功能进行了行为分析，建立了一种更有效的实验方法，使凤蝶能够识别单色光。利用该协议，我们测量了觅食飞行的动作谱和喙的延伸。看起来凤蝶确实可以看到300-700nm波长范围内的光。我们还建立了y迷宫实验方案，使凤蝶能够区分一定距离的两种刺激。因此，我们测量了觅食凤蝶的最小测色角度：它们可以分辨直径约为1度的目标的颜色。尺寸与它们的特殊分辨率限制相当。我们还对它们的波长识别能力和“混色”现象等进行了初步的实验研究。3)除凤蝶外昆虫复眼的结构。我们以小白蝶（Pieris rapae crucivora）和蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）为研究对象，对昆虫复眼进行了解剖学和生理学的比较。通过定位编码视网膜中视觉色素视蛋白的mrna，我们发现这两个物种的眼睛都包括三种光谱上不同的小眼，就像凤蝶一样。我们进一步分析了Pieris的光感受器光谱灵敏度。皮耶里斯的眼睛有三种长波受体，绿色、红色和深红色受体，它们都共享一种视觉色素PrL。光谱灵敏度的差异可归因于膜周色素的过滤作用，膜周色素吸收了传播细长横纹肌的光的边界波。少

1)Mechanism of wavelength information processing in the Papilio visual systemFirstly, we analyzed the spectral origin of characteristic broadband receptors in the Papilio retina. The broadband receptors were shown to coexpress green-absorbing and orange-absorbing visual pigment both functioning at the same time. Secondly, we carried out detailed anatomy of the first optic ganglion, the lamina, at the EM level. There we found numerous interphotoreceptor connections in addition to the synaptic connections between photoreceptors and second order visual interneurons. Observation of serial EM sections revealed that the pattern of interphotoreceptor connection is different among three types of spectrally heterogeneous ommatidia. Thirdly we initiated an immunocytochemical analysis of the Papilio brain using specific antibodies against neurotransmitter candidates, such as serotonin, tyramine, histamine, and GABA, etc.2)Behavioral analysis of color vision function in PapilioWe established an ex … More perimental method to let Papilio to discriminate monochromatic lights. By using the protocol we measured the action spectrum of foraging flight as well as proboscis extension. It appeared that Papilio could actually see the light of the wavelength range of 300-700nm. We also established a Y-maze experiment protocol to make Papilio to discriminate two stimuli from certain distance. We thus measured the minimum visual angle for color detection of foraging Papilio : they could discriminate color of the target whose diameter is about 1 degree. The size is comparable to their special resolution limit. We also carried out some preliminary experiments to check their wavelength discrimination ability and the 'color-mixture' phenomenon, etc.3)Compound eye structure in insects other than PapilioWe carried out a comparative anatomy and physiology of insect compound eyes, using the small white butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora, and the honeybee, Apis mellifera. By localizing mRNAs encoding visual pigment opsins in the retina, we found the eyes of both species consist of three types of spectrally distinct ommatidia as in Papilio. We further analyzed photoreceptor spectral sensitivities in Pieris. The Pieris eyes have three classes of long wavelength receptors, green, red, and deep-red receptors, all share a visual pigment PrL. The difference hi the spectral sensitivities is attributable to the filtering effect of perirhabdomeral pigments that absorb boundary wave of light propagating the slender rhabdom. Less