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A Study on Cognitive Skills in Expert Speed Readers : Scientific Clarification and its Educational Application

专家速读者认知技能的研究:科学阐明及其教育应用

基本信息

批准号：
16200019
负责人：
UEDA Kazuhiro
金额：
$ 32.36万
依托单位：
The University of Tokyo
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2004 至 2006
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In this study, we clarified, using psycho-physical experiments and NIRS measurements, the difference in cognitive mechanism between speed readers and non-speed readers. Specifically, we made the following two series of experiments.First, by focusing on their characteristics of visual attention, we clarified, using eye-tracker measurements and visual search experiments, the difference in visual-perceptual mechanism between speed readers and non-speed readers. These measurements and experiments revealed that the performance of speed readers was superior to that of non-speed readers both in single feature tasks and in a conjunction search task. In addition, we experimentally analyzed the difference between them in the characteristics of visual attention, especially the controllability of size of attentional spotlight -the area to which they could distribute attention. Specifically, using the method of Sperling (2004), we showed the area to which speed readers or non-speed readers should d … More istribute attention. On the same screen, we then carried out a series of visual search tasks, in which the stimuli were sine-wave gratings and whose target differed in its spatial frequency from the other distracters. We determined the contrast sensitivity from the reaction times in the tasks. As a result, it was found that, when the size of the area was changed, speed readers could distribute attention to the area more appropriately than non-speed readers. From these results, we could say that the ability of visual attention in speed readers was enhanced by training.Second, we clarified, using NIRS measurements, the difference in cognitive-brain mechanism between speed readers and non-speed readers. As a result, we found that Wernicke's area was not activated when speed readers carried out speed reading while the both Wernicke's and auditory areas were activated when non-speed readers carried out normal reading. It is pointed out that there are two processing routes for Japanese characters; one is for Kana and the other for Kanji characters. It is also said that Kanji processing is faster than Kana processing. We then made NIRS measurements by making both speed readers and non-speed readers read, sentences which consisted of only Kana or Kanji characters. The result showed a high possibility that speed readers carried out speed reading only through the processing route for Kanji characters.From all the results, i.e. speed readers' enhancement of visual attention and fast processing using the processing route for Kanji characters, it was estimated that speed readers could read about 20 or 30 times faster than non-speed readers. This figure corresponds to the observed value in actual speed reading by speed readers. We thus can say that we could defy the common view that speed reading is only a kind of skimming, not reading. Less

本研究通过心理物理实验和近红外光谱测量，阐明了快速阅读者和非快速阅读者在认知机制上的差异。具体而言，我们做了以下两个系列的实验：第一，通过眼动仪测量和视觉搜索实验，着重研究了快速阅读者和非快速阅读者的视觉注意特点，阐明了他们在视觉感知机制上的差异。这些测量和实验表明，无论是在单一特征任务还是在连接搜索任务中，速度阅读者的表现都优于非速度阅读者的表现上级。此外，我们还通过实验分析了它们在视觉注意特征上的差异，特别是注意聚光点大小的可控性-它们可以分配注意的区域。具体来说，使用Sperling（2004）的方法，我们展示了快速阅读者和非快速阅读者应该注意的领域。 ...更多信息请注意。在同一个屏幕上，我们进行了一系列的视觉搜索任务，其中的刺激是正弦波光栅，其目标的空间频率不同于其他干扰。我们从任务中的反应时间确定对比敏感度。结果发现，当区域的大小改变时，速度阅读者可以比非速度阅读者更适当地将注意力分配到该区域。从这些结果可以看出，通过训练，快速阅读者的视觉注意能力得到了提高。其次，通过近红外光谱（NIRS）测量，我们阐明了快速阅读者与非快速阅读者在认知脑机制上的差异。结果发现，当速度阅读者进行快速阅读时，韦尼克区没有被激活，而当非速度阅读者进行正常阅读时，韦尼克区和听觉区都被激活。指出日语字符的处理有两条路线：一条是假名，另一条是汉字。也有人说，汉字处理比假名处理快。然后，我们进行了近红外光谱测量，使速度读者和非速度读者阅读，句子只包括假名或汉字字符。结果表明，快速阅读者仅通过汉字加工路径进行快速阅读的可能性很高，从快速阅读者视觉注意力的增强和使用汉字加工路径的快速加工的结果来看，快速阅读者的阅读速度可以比非快速阅读者快20 ~ 30倍。该数字对应于速度读取器的实际速度阅读中的观测值。因此，我们可以说，我们可以藐视一般的看法，即快速阅读只是一种略读，而不是阅读。少