Case Studies on Regional Socio-economic Zones Surrounding Coffee Production Areas in East Africa

坦桑尼亚北部高地作为“乞力马扎罗山”温和阿拉比卡咖啡的生产区，是我们的主要研究地点。由于国际和国内因素，最近咖啡生产者价格下降，在整个坦桑尼亚北部高地没有显著的行动。这是因为北部高地地区按照地理特征、行政单位、居住民族、合作组织等划分为4 ~ 5个分区。面对不利的咖啡经济，每个分区都尝试了不同的应对策略。在Meru山分区，咖啡核心产区的农民根据城市需求从咖啡生产转向蔬菜生产和/或乳品生产。在乞力马扎罗山分区，一些分区的农民集中种植咖啡，而其他分区的农民则从种植咖啡转向种植玉米和水稻。在北帕雷山脉分区中，平原地区的城市人口因建设热潮而增加，而山区的咖啡生产村庄人口则减少。我们还在卢旺达和埃塞俄比亚进行了研究。由于卢旺达的咖啡产区是人口最多、利润最丰厚的经济作物产区，所以最近才发展出了卢旺达其他地区闻所未闻的分成制。在埃塞俄比亚，合作组织有足够的实力与私人买家竞争。合作社利用了“公平贸易”咖啡和“有机”咖啡的营销路线，它们向农民提供的生产者价格甚至高于私人买家。卢旺达和埃塞俄比亚的这两个病例与坦桑尼亚的病例表现不同。我们需要对东非国家的咖啡经济进行进一步的比较研究。

Tanzanian Northern Highlands as the production area of "Kilimanjaro" Mild Arabica Coffee were our main research sites. Under the recent condition of the declining coffee producer prices due to the international and domestic factors, there were no remarkable actions in Tanzanian Northern Highlands as a whole. It is because that the Northern Highlands are divided into 4 to 5 sub-areas according to the geographical features, administrative units, resident ethnic groups, and the cooperative organizations. Each sub-area tried different copping strategy with the adverse coffee economy. In Mt. Meru sub-area, the farmers in the core coffee production area shifted from coffee production to vegetable production and/or dairy farming with urban demands. In Mt. Kilimanjaro sub-areas, the farmers in some sub-areas concentrated on coffee production, whereas those in the others shifted from coffee to maize and rice. In North Pare Mountains sub-area, the population increased at the urban areas in the Plain due to the construction boom, while the coffee producing villages in the Mountain experienced the population decrease.We also conducted researches in Rwanda and Ethiopia. As the coffee production area in Rwanda is most populated and profitable cash crop production area, the sharecropping system which is unknown in other areas in Rwanda has been developed recently. In Ethiopia, the cooperative organizations are strong enough to compete with the private buyers. The cooperatives take advantage of the marketing routes of "fairtrade" coffee and "organic" coffee, and they offer even higher producer prices to farmers than the private buyers. These two cases in Rwanda and Ethiopia show different performances from Tanzanian cases. We need further comparative studies on the coffee economy in East African countries.