Territorialisation in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Shifts of borderlines and measures for area penetration from 1918 to 1941

(a)在历史编纂学中，领土化指的是国家和其他权力对地区的生产和渗透，以及它们的重新缩放和重新分配。在这一前提下，白俄罗斯国家在第一次世界大战结束时的实验，以及建立一个白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国（BSSR）的外部和内部边界要求进行批判性分析，一个可以提供经验的基石的理论领土。值得注意的是，可以看到1917年一个几乎没有轮廓的地区如何在1920/21年重建为莫斯科合法化的国际法主体，并分三步（1924年，1926年和1939年）发展为一个大大扩大的民族化苏维埃共和国。 (b)1922年，苏联的建立在草图上被认为是领土-民族行政单位的联盟，这些行动者不仅以民族主义的方式思考，而且还以一种几乎不被认为是非地理主义的方式思考。在这种情况下，它指的是一个以农村地区为特点的共和国，其人口对种族、民族甚至地理特征的看法是矛盾的。白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国的政治结构发现自己处于一个紧张的领域之间的遏制和排斥，能见度和隐形之间，一个民族国家和一个简单的行政单位。 (c)该项目的目的是在一本专著中调查白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国的内部和外部边界是如何以及为什么被重新调整的，联盟一级的参与者对这个共和国做出了哪些具体决定，以及这对名义上的民族和少数民族产生了什么影响。在划界时，1921年《波兰-苏联条约》的签署国没有考虑到语言和种族标准，而1939年，苏联利用种族论证，在《莫洛托夫-里宾特洛甫条约》之后成功地实现了领土主义政策，吞并了波兰共和国的东部省份。从这个意义上说，该项目侧重于决策者的地理主义，一种必须被视为文化主义和生物主义的补充意识形态的思维方式。地理主义并不代表纯粹的民族主义或种族主义的地理领土收复主义，而是将地理区域视为给定的东西，视为坚固和长期的东西，而我们的项目则将领土和领土视为构建的实体，从外部和内部创建。

(a) In historiography, territorialization refers to both the production and penetration of areas and to their re-scaling and redistribution by states and other powers. Under this premise, experiments on a Belarusian statehood at the end of the First World War as well as the establishment of a Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) with its external and internal borders call for a critical analysis, one that can provide empirical building blocks to a theory of territoriality. Significantly, it can be seen how a barely outlined area in 1917 was reconstructed to a Moscow-legitimated subject of international law in 1920/21, which advanced in three steps (in 1924, 1926 and 1939) to a greatly enlarged, ethnicized Soviet republic. (b) The establishment of the Soviet Union was conceptualized on the drawing-board as a union of territorial-ethnic administrative units in 1922 by actors who thought not only in an ethnicistic, but also in a ‒ as yet barely considered ‒ geographistic way. In this case it referred to a Republic characterized by rural areas whose population was ambivalent towards ethnic, national and even geographical identities. The political structures of the BSSR found themselves in a field of tension between containment and exclusion, between visibility and invisibility, between a nation state and a simple administrative unit. (c) The project aims to investigate in a monograph how and why the internal and external borders of the BSSR have been readjusted, what specific decisions were made by the players at Union level regarding this republic, and what impact this had on the titular nation an the minorities. At the demarcation, the signatories of the Polish-Soviet Treaty in 1921 did not take into account linguistic and ethnic criteria, whereas in 1939 the Soviet Union, using ethnic argumentation, successfully realized territorialist policy in the annexation of the Eastern provinces of the Republic of Poland following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. In this sense, the project focuses on decision-makers' geographism, a way of thinking that has to be regarded as a complementary ideologeme to culturalism and biologism. Geographism does not represent a pure geographic-irredentist spelling out of nationalism or ethnicism, rather it sees geographic areas as a given thing, as something solid and of long duration, whereas our project regards territories and territoriality as constructed, as entities that have been created from outside and from inside.