Territorialisation in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Shifts of borderlines and measures for area penetration from 1918 to 1941

(A)在历史学中，属地化既指地区的生产和渗透，也指国家和其他大国对地区的重新调整和重新分配。在这一前提下，关于白俄罗斯在第一次世界大战结束时建国以及建立白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国及其内外边界的试验需要进行批判性分析，以便为领土理论提供经验基础。值得注意的是，可以看到1917年一个几乎没有轮廓的地区是如何在1920/21年被莫斯科合法化的国际法主体重建的，它分三个阶段(1924年、1926年和1939年)发展成为一个大大扩大的、民族化的苏联共和国。(B)1922年，苏联的建立被设想为领土-种族行政单位的联盟，这些行为者不仅从民族学的角度思考，而且还以--至今尚未考虑的--地理角度思考。在这种情况下，它指的是一个以农村地区为特征的共和国，这些地区的人民对族裔、国家甚至地理特征存在矛盾。BSSR的政治结构发现自己处于遏制和排斥、可见性和隐形性、民族国家和简单行政单位之间的紧张领域。(C)该项目旨在以专著形式调查BSSR的内外边界如何以及为什么进行了调整，联盟一级的参与者对这个共和国作出了哪些具体决定，以及这对名义上的国家和少数民族产生了什么影响。在标界时，1921年《波兰-苏联条约》的签署国没有考虑语言和种族标准，而1939年，苏联利用种族论证，在莫洛托夫-里宾特洛夫条约之后，成功地实现了吞并波兰共和国东部各省的领土政策。在这个意义上，该项目关注的是决策者的地域主义，这是一种必须被视为文化主义和生物主义的补充意识形态的思维方式。地理主义并不代表纯粹的地理主义或民族主义，相反，它将地理区域视为一种给定的东西，作为坚实和持久的东西，而我们的项目将领土和领土视为构建的实体，是从外部和内部创造的实体。

(a) In historiography, territorialization refers to both the production and penetration of areas and to their re-scaling and redistribution by states and other powers. Under this premise, experiments on a Belarusian statehood at the end of the First World War as well as the establishment of a Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) with its external and internal borders call for a critical analysis, one that can provide empirical building blocks to a theory of territoriality. Significantly, it can be seen how a barely outlined area in 1917 was reconstructed to a Moscow-legitimated subject of international law in 1920/21, which advanced in three steps (in 1924, 1926 and 1939) to a greatly enlarged, ethnicized Soviet republic. (b) The establishment of the Soviet Union was conceptualized on the drawing-board as a union of territorial-ethnic administrative units in 1922 by actors who thought not only in an ethnicistic, but also in a ‒ as yet barely considered ‒ geographistic way. In this case it referred to a Republic characterized by rural areas whose population was ambivalent towards ethnic, national and even geographical identities. The political structures of the BSSR found themselves in a field of tension between containment and exclusion, between visibility and invisibility, between a nation state and a simple administrative unit. (c) The project aims to investigate in a monograph how and why the internal and external borders of the BSSR have been readjusted, what specific decisions were made by the players at Union level regarding this republic, and what impact this had on the titular nation an the minorities. At the demarcation, the signatories of the Polish-Soviet Treaty in 1921 did not take into account linguistic and ethnic criteria, whereas in 1939 the Soviet Union, using ethnic argumentation, successfully realized territorialist policy in the annexation of the Eastern provinces of the Republic of Poland following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. In this sense, the project focuses on decision-makers' geographism, a way of thinking that has to be regarded as a complementary ideologeme to culturalism and biologism. Geographism does not represent a pure geographic-irredentist spelling out of nationalism or ethnicism, rather it sees geographic areas as a given thing, as something solid and of long duration, whereas our project regards territories and territoriality as constructed, as entities that have been created from outside and from inside.