Territorialisation in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Shifts of borderlines and measures for area penetration from 1918 to 1941

(a)在史学上，领土化指的是地区的产生和渗透，以及国家和其他权力对地区的重新划分和再分配。在此前提下，第一次世界大战结束时的白俄罗斯国家地位实验，以及白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国（BSSR）的建立及其外部和内部边界，都需要进行批判性分析，可以为领土理论提供经验基础。值得注意的是，我们可以看到，1917年一个几乎没有轮廓的地区是如何在1920/21年被重建为莫斯科认可的国际法主体的，它分三步（1924年、1926年和1939年）发展成为一个幅员辽阔、民族化的苏维埃共和国。(b) 1922年，苏联的建立在构思阶段就被认为是一个领土-民族行政单位的联盟，这些行动者不仅以种族主义的方式思考，而且还以迄今几乎没有考虑过的地理方式思考。在这种情况下，它指的是一个以农村地区为特征的共和国，其人口对种族、民族甚至地理身份都持矛盾态度。苏联社会主义社会主义共和国的政治结构发现自己处于遏制与排斥、可见与不可见、民族国家与简单行政单位之间的紧张状态。(c)该项目的目的是在一篇专著中调查如何以及为什么重新调整BSSR的内部和外部边界，联邦一级的参与者对该共和国作出了哪些具体决定，以及这对名义上的国家和少数民族产生了什么影响。在划界时，1921年《波苏条约》的签署国没有考虑到语言和种族标准，而在1939年，苏联利用种族论据，在《苏德互不侵犯条约》之后成功地实现了吞并波兰共和国东部各省的领土主义政策。从这个意义上说，该项目关注决策者的地理主义，这是一种思维方式，必须被视为文化主义和生物主义的补充意识形态。地理主义并不代表一种纯粹的地理统一主义，它将地理区域视为一种给定的东西，是一种坚实的、长期存在的东西，而我们的项目则将领土和领土性视为构建的，是由外部和内部创造的实体。

(a) In historiography, territorialization refers to both the production and penetration of areas and to their re-scaling and redistribution by states and other powers. Under this premise, experiments on a Belarusian statehood at the end of the First World War as well as the establishment of a Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) with its external and internal borders call for a critical analysis, one that can provide empirical building blocks to a theory of territoriality. Significantly, it can be seen how a barely outlined area in 1917 was reconstructed to a Moscow-legitimated subject of international law in 1920/21, which advanced in three steps (in 1924, 1926 and 1939) to a greatly enlarged, ethnicized Soviet republic. (b) The establishment of the Soviet Union was conceptualized on the drawing-board as a union of territorial-ethnic administrative units in 1922 by actors who thought not only in an ethnicistic, but also in a ‒ as yet barely considered ‒ geographistic way. In this case it referred to a Republic characterized by rural areas whose population was ambivalent towards ethnic, national and even geographical identities. The political structures of the BSSR found themselves in a field of tension between containment and exclusion, between visibility and invisibility, between a nation state and a simple administrative unit. (c) The project aims to investigate in a monograph how and why the internal and external borders of the BSSR have been readjusted, what specific decisions were made by the players at Union level regarding this republic, and what impact this had on the titular nation an the minorities. At the demarcation, the signatories of the Polish-Soviet Treaty in 1921 did not take into account linguistic and ethnic criteria, whereas in 1939 the Soviet Union, using ethnic argumentation, successfully realized territorialist policy in the annexation of the Eastern provinces of the Republic of Poland following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. In this sense, the project focuses on decision-makers' geographism, a way of thinking that has to be regarded as a complementary ideologeme to culturalism and biologism. Geographism does not represent a pure geographic-irredentist spelling out of nationalism or ethnicism, rather it sees geographic areas as a given thing, as something solid and of long duration, whereas our project regards territories and territoriality as constructed, as entities that have been created from outside and from inside.