The Comparative and Empirical Study on Institutional Frameworks for Community-based Developments and Control of Local Environments

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1.Foreign Countries : (1)The common characteristics in both Germany and France our researches revealed are listed bellow (See : Harada/Omura, Current Trends of Contemporary Urban Law,2002).(1)Formation of Compact City with the urban redevelopment projects ;(2)Sustainable development giving importance to the ecological, environmental and landscape conservation ;(3)Emphasis on the social renewal projects of the depressed residential area ;(4)Restructuring of the planning system and legal system for space management, which are able to organize above issues ;(5)Adoption of procedures that stress resident participation and the consultation with them ;(6)Significance of judicial control ensuring due process and appropriate effects ;(2)The summaries of researches in US and UK boil down as follows (See also : Harada/Watanabe, Contemporary Planning and Housing in The United States and Great Britain,2003).In US, as increasing the population, (1)observed are the movements towards new masterplan and urban development solving the sprawl and accommodating the growth of population. (2)New York City strengths the zoning regulations for preservation of the existing streetscape. ; (3)Non-profit housing projects face new dilemmas which involve the partnership with local governments and private sectors ;In UK, (4)whereas the same problem describing in (3)occur, (5)new housing crisis is ongoing in population-increasing London. (6)It has equal importance as German and France how the relationships between central/local governments and community and the issue on resident participation are dealt with. (7)In US and UK, however, how urban policy be able to reconcile the market appear as remarkable issue.2.Japan : There are significant issues we research member study out. (see : References in each fiscal-year-end report). Howsoever, it takes more time to finish writing our proposal, 'Institutional Frameworks available in Japan'.