International comparison of energy demand and supply in urban areas under different climate conditions and feasibility to introduce renewable energy into the supply system

设计低二氧化碳排放的城市能源供应系统是避免灾难性全球变暖的重要问题之一。众所周知，北欧一些城市集中运行区域供热系统，利用余热作为主要热源之一。然而，类似的概念是否也可以应用于城市地区，它的中低纬度地区可能尚未得到充分的调查。因此，本研究首先旨在比较哥德堡（瑞典）、哥本哈根（丹麦）、汉诺威（德国）、塞萨洛尼基（希腊）、名古屋（日本）和新佛巴里等城市的能源供需特征和可用可再生能源等条件。（马来西亚），二是开发和应用基于系统动力学和LCA-CO2的能源供应系统评价方法，三是评估一些中低纬度城市城市化导致的气温上升对能源需求的可能变化。更多结果如下：(1)对上述城市的能源供需、可再生能源资源、土地利用分布、环境指标等数据和文献进行了广泛的修正。(2)利用这些数据明确了北方城市DH作为热源的程度和可再生能源占比，如人口47万的哥德堡DH提供的热能为3500GWh/y，人口1万的哥本哈根DH提供的热能为4700GWh/y。(3)对哥德堡和名古屋（人口220万）垃圾焚烧厂的热能实际利用情况进行了详细比较，并对哥德堡和名古屋垃圾焚烧厂的热能实际利用情况进行了比较。研究发现，名古屋焚烧厂的余热利用率仅为哥德堡的1/70，而名古屋焚烧厂的余热可满足家庭、办公室、酒店、医院等约20%的热能需求。(4)建立了一个系统动力学模型来评估纳入可再生能源的城市能源供应系统，以及(5)新佛州的热环境变化。利用过去、现在和未来的土地利用分布，对1970年至2020年的50年间城市化对名古屋造成的影响进行了评估。少

To design urban energy supply system with low CO2 emission is one of the most important issues to avoid disastrous global warming. It is well known that some northern European cities intensively operate district-heating system with use of waste heat as one of the main heat sources. Whether a similar concept, however, can be applied also to urban areas it middle and low latitudinal region may have not been fully investigated.. Thus this study aimed first to compare the conditions such as the characteristics of energy supply and demand and the available renewable energy among the cities of Gothenburg (Sweden), Copenhagen (Denmark), Hanover (Germany), Thessaloniki (Greece), Nagoya (Japan), and Johor Bahri. (Malaysia), second to develop and apply the method for evaluation of the energy supply system with systems dynamics and LCA-CO2, and third to evaluate possible change of energy demand due to temperature rise caused by urbanization for some cities in middle and low latitude. Obtained res … More ults are as follows : (1) data and literatures on energy supply and demand, resources of renewable energy, land-use distribution, and environmental indices for the cities listed above were extensively corrected, (2) by using the data, the extent of DH and the percentage of renewable energy as the heat source in the northern cities were made clear, for example, supplied thermal energy through DH was 3500GWh/y in Gothenburg with the population of 0.47 million, 4700GWh/y in Copenhagen with 1. 38 million, and 1370GWh/y in Hanover with 0.53 million, (3) the real use of thermal energy from the waste incineration plants in Gothenburg and Nagoya (population :2.2 million) was compared in detail, and.it was found that the waste heat from the plant in Nagoya is utilized by only 1/70 of that in Gothenburg and that the waste heat from the incineration plants in Nagoya can fulfill about 20% of the thermal energy demand by households, offices, hotels, hospitals, and so on, (4) a systems dynamics model has been developed to evaluate urban energy supply system which incorporates renewable energy, and (5) the change of thermal environment in Johor Bahri. and Nagoya caused by urbanization has been evaluated for 50 years from 1970 to 2020 with use of land-use distributions in past, present, and future. Less