Development of global chemical transport model (GCTM) and its application

控制温室气体的排放可能是21世纪最严重的问题。然而，世界各国对这一问题的态度并不一定一致。其中一个原因可能是在全球尺度上对人类活动对大气环境影响的未来预测的科学和模式的不确定性。因此，我们试图在本研究中建立一个全面的全球尺度化学输运模型（GCTM）。该模型可考虑(1)化石燃料消耗的快速增长，(2)农业活动引起的生物质火灾，(3)平流层下部飞机排放，(4)稻田、天然湿地和动物排放的CH_4，(5)闪电活动排放的NO_x，(6)生物源烃排放，(7)活火山排放等。该模式主要包括输运过程（平流、扩散、亚网格尺度积云对流）、化学过程（气相和液相化学）以及干湿沉积过程。利用已开发的GCTM研究了印度尼西亚和澳大利亚的生物质火灾，以及低纬度地区闪电对臭氧等的影响。通过成功模拟该地区生物质火灾活动增强的TOMS臭氧，验证了该模型的适用性。

Emission control of green house gases may be the most serious issue in the 21st century. However, attitude to this issue is not necessarily consistent among countries in the world. One reason may be attributed to uncertainly in science and modeling for future prediction on the effect of human activity on atmospheric environment in global scale. Thus, we have tried to develop a comprehensive Global Scale Chemical Transport Model (GCTM) in this study. The model can take into account (1) rapid increase of fossil fuel consumptions, (2) biomass fire caused by agricultural activity, (3) aircraft emission in lower stratosphere, (4) CH_4 emission from rice paddy, natural wet land, and animals, (5) NO_x emission by lightning activity, (6) biogenic hydrocarbon emission, (7) emission from active volcano, etc. The model includes the major processes of transport (advection, diffusion, sub-grid scale cumulus convection), chemistry (gas and liquid phase chemistry), and wet- and dry-deposition. The developed GCTM was applied to investigate the effects of biomass fire in Indonesia and Australia, and lightning on ozone etc. in low-latitudinal area. The model showed its applicability by successfully simulating TOMS ozone enhanced by biomass fire activity in the area.