A Historical Study on the Debates about the Public Nature of Schools in the Multicultural Nation, U.S.A.

美国多元文化国家学校公立性质争论的历史研究

• 批准号: 13410073
• 负责人: OMOMO Toshiyuki
• 金额: $ 5.7万
• 依托单位: Tohoku University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2003
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13410073/
• 关键词: school; public nature; U.S.A.; diversity; historical study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the debates about the public nature of schools historically, and to clarify the problems of the current school reforms. We paid special attentions not only to the relations between the state and the market but also to the contradiction between the maintenance of commonness and the recognitions of differences. The main findings are as follows.1. In the founding era, B.Rush tried to make a unity among diversities by fostering morals. On the other hand, T.Jefferson's education bills did not use the words of 'public school,' 'private school' or 'common school.'2. In the common school movement era, H.Mann's annual reports of the secretary of the board of education contained both words of 'public school' and 'common school,' and differentiated those from 'private school' in terms of the guarantees of commonness.3. There are different understandings about the creation of special education classes around the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century. While some people consider this as a response to children deviating from the ordinary classes under the strong demands of bureaucracy and efficiency, others consider this as a response to children with different needs.4. In the recognition of identity differences, and in the choice and evaluation systems based upon this recognition, there is a possibility of harmonizing the equality which a welfare state requires and the freedom which a market requires. However, today's federal educational policies may introduce the 'politics of exclusion and inclusion,' which will conflict with making this harmony. Further, today's excessive deregulation which includes collective bargaining of teachers might impair the public nature of schools.5. About higher education, State flagship universities are being more and more privatized, and these 'privatized' 'flagship universities' will compete with prestigious private universities in scientific researches.

本研究的目的在于通过对学校公共性争论的历史分析，厘清当前学校改革中存在的问题。我们不仅特别关注国家与市场的关系，而且特别关注保持共性与消除差异之间的矛盾。主要研究结果如下：1.在建国初期，B拉什试图通过培养道德来使不同的人团结起来。另一方面，杰斐逊的教育法案没有使用“公立学校”、“私立学校”或“普通学校”等词。'2.在共同学校运动时代，曼恩的教育委员会秘书长年度报告中同时包含了“公立学校”和“共同学校”两个词，并从共同性的保证方面将其与“私立学校”区分开来。世纪之交至20世纪世纪，对特殊教育班的创设有不同的认识。有些人认为这是对官僚主义和效率的强烈要求下偏离普通班级的孩子的回应，另一些人认为这是对不同需求的孩子的回应。在承认身份差异的过程中，以及在基于这种承认的选择和评价体系中，有可能协调福利国家所要求的平等和市场所要求的自由。然而，今天的联邦教育政策可能会引入“排斥和包容的政治”，这将与实现这种和谐相冲突。此外，今天过度放松管制，包括教师集体谈判，可能会损害学校的公共性质。5.在高等教育方面，国家旗舰大学越来越多地被私有化，这些“私有化”的“旗舰大学”将在科学研究方面与著名的私立大学竞争。

项目成果

後藤武俊: "学校選択によるコミュニティ構築論の再検討"日本教育行政学会年報. 28. 112-124 (2002)

Taketoshi Goto：“通过择校重新审视社区建设理论”日本教育行政学会年度报告 28. 112-124 (2002)。

Kazuhiko Shimomura: "U.S. Constitutional Rights of Parents to Home Schooling"Tohoku Journal of Educational Research. Vol.7. 29-42 (2004)

下村和彦：“美国宪法规定家长在家上学的权利”东北教育研究杂志。

Keiko Sugiura: "Processes and Problems of the Establishment of a "One race" Alternative School"Tohoku Journal of Educational Research. Vol.7. 43-56 (2004)

杉浦惠子：《“一族”另类学校建立的过程和问题》《东北教育研究杂志》。

下村 一彦: "米国連邦憲法上のホームスクールを行う親の権利"日本教育行政学会年報. 29号. 94-105 (2003)

Kazuhiko Shimomura：“美国联邦宪法规定的家长在家上学的权利”，日本教育行政学会年度报告，29, 94-105 (2003)。

後藤 武俊: "学校選択によるコミュニティ構築論の再検討"日本教育行政学会年報. 28号. 112-124 (2002)

Taketoshi Goto：“通过学校选择重新审视社区建设理论”日本教育行政学会年度报告 28, 112-124 (2002)。