A Preliminary Examination on Cities and Gardens in Ancient East Asia

园林是古代城市不可缺少的设施，由池塘、宫殿、塔楼、果园、种植园、骑马场等组成。我们在H13和H14财政年度发现了以下事项，除了我们在H15中确认的之外。1 8世纪奈良宫殿的园林有两种类型<th>，2奈良宫在其北部设有专用花园。3园艺部门的主要职责是管理宫廷内的农产品。4日本的奈良宫殿和贵族住宅受到了唐朝的影响，这些特征是前唐朝园林的传统元素，中国园林在日本的第一个阶段是在7世纪初的水耕<th>王朝。第二阶段，这是在特殊的影响下延长（百济和新罗），在奈良宫的花园带来了原来的设计。考虑到几年后的挖掘结果，我们必须将这些元素分为三类。一是直接来自中国，二是来自半岛，三是日本传统元素。在奈良宫（8^世纪）的东宫花园中<th>，“须滨”是一种类似于坟墓斜面的海岸护岸工程，例如5^世纪的须滨墓<th>（奈良pref.）。花园中的斗篷和信条上的主要石头的景观与Suyama墓和Jonokoshi遗址（三重县）相似。虽然时间上的差距很大，但这并不是偶然的。而在中国、韩国和日本，他们原本就有对溪流和喷泉的信仰。今后，我们最好研究园林与其特有文化的关系。

Gardens were the indispensable institution for the ancient city and were made of ponds, palaces, towers, orchards, plantations, riding ground and so on. We found some following matters in the fiscal year H13 and H14, besides we confirmed then in H15.1 The gardens in Nara palace in 8^<th> century had two types, one is pond garden styles and the other is field garden style.2 Nara palace equipped with the exclusive garden in its north.3 The main official duties of department of gardening were the management of agricultural products in the court.4 The gardens in the Nara palace and the noble residence were under the influence of Tan-dynasty and these characters were the traditional elements on the gardens in the former Tan-dynasty.The first stage of Chinese garden in Japan was made on Suiko-dynasty in the beginning of 7^<th> century. The second stage, which was extended under the influence of the peculiar (Baekje and Silla), brought the original design at the gardens on Nara palace. Considering the results of excavations in a few years, we have to divide these elements into three categories. The first is from China directly, the second is from the peninsula, the third is Japanese traditional element. On the East-palace garden in Nara palace(8^<th> century), "Suhama" which is slope shore protection works is similar to a slanting surface of tomb, example Suyama tomb in 5^<th> century (Nara pref.). The landscapes of the main stone on the capes and creed in the garden are similar to Suyama tomb and Jonokoshi-site (Mie pref.). Though the difference of times is long, they are not accident. But they has originally the faith on the stream and the fountain in China, Korea and Japan. From now on, we had better to study the connection with the peculiar culture and the garden.