Life history of Japanese monkey males in the matrilineal social structure

日本猕猴具有母系社会结构，对雌性猕猴的生活史已有50多年的研究。但由于在野外追捕困难，对非种群雄性的研究很少。本研究的目的是明确男性的生活史。研究结果表明：1)非种群雄性发育有两个阶段；跟随部队的男性和不跟随的男性。2)非跟随雄性也有两个阶段；单独的雄性和雄性群体的雄性。3)部队男性、跟随部队男性和不跟随部队男性的比例为2:3:3。4) 4 - 10岁的年轻雄性生活在男性群体中，15岁以上的老年雄性生活在独居群体中。5)稳定的雄性群体是由同一种群中同年龄或同世代的雄性组成的。6)在繁殖季节，最高年龄的雄性离开雄性群体，开始跟随群体移动。7)雄性群体中年龄最小的雄性经常返回它的出生地。(8)这只雄带着自己群体中较年轻的雄到雄群体中去，这是主要的迁徙机制。9)金喀山人口中出生的男性移民最多的年龄是4 - 6岁。10)在雄性移民群体中停留的时间从1年到8年不等。在他的一生中，雄性只迁移一两个其他的部队。根据这些结果，可以大致描述雄性日本猕猴的生活史。

Japanese macaques have the matrilineal social structure, and the life history of females has been studied more than 50 years. But non-troop males have been scarcely studied because of the difficulty of the pursuit in the wild. The purpose of this study makes clear the life history of males.Results of this study are as follows : 1)There are two stages in the non-troop males ; troop-following male and non-following male. 2)There are also two stages in the non-following male ; solitary male and male-group male. 3)The ratio of troop male, troop-following male and non-following male is 2:3:3. 4)Young males aged from 4 to 10 years old live in the male-group and old males aged over 15 years old live in solitary. 5)Stable male-group is formed based on males of same age or same generation of the same troop. 6)The highest aged male leaves the male-group and begins to follow the troop movement in breeding season. 7)The lowest aged male of the male-group often returns back to his natal troop. 8)This male takes out younger males of his troop to the male-group, and it is the main mechanism of emigration. 9)The age of male emigration from the natal troop is most frequently from 4 to 6 years old in Kinkazan population. 10)Length of stay in the troop of immigrant males varies from 1 to 8 years. 11)Throughout his life, the male immigrates only one or two other troops.From these results, it is possible to describe roughly the life history of the male Japanese macaques.