Comparative Study on the Ecology and Social Structure of New World Monkeys

本文对生活在哥伦比亚拉玛卡雷纳地区的7种新世界猴进行了生态学和社会学研究。至于社会结构，卷尾猴（Cebus apella）生活在一个多雄性和多雌性的群体中，成员的转移主要发生在雄性身上。男性的等级顺序取决于年龄，女性的等级顺序取决于对男性的亲和关系。2. 吼猴（Alouatta seniculus）生活在一个雄性群体中，成员转移只发生在雄性身上。当群体中的雄性首领发生变化时，就会发生杀婴行为。3. 长毛猴（Lagothrix lagotricha）生活在一个多雄性和多雌性的群体中，成员转移主要发生在雌性身上，尤其是年轻的育龄猴。交配没有季节性，攀爬为单一类型，持续2-24分钟（平均8分钟）。4. 证实了5种金丝猴的生境利用差异。即卷尾猴和松鼠猴（Saimiri sciureus）占据了坡地至低地的森林下层，吼猴、毛猴和蜘蛛猴（Ateles belzebuth）则主要利用森林上层和坡地至上升高地的上部。5. 研究区沿两条步道进行了植被地貌测量，步道以起伏丘陵为主。划分出5种植被类型，每种类型的存在与每种地形的特定扰动密切相关；即曲流河道变化、洪水、侵蚀、滑坡和树木倒下。6. 红吼猴有选择地吃特定的土壤。猕猴食食的土壤pH（H_2O）值（4.45.4）和N、P、Ca、K、Na、Cl等矿物质浓度均高于未食食的林地土壤。

Following results were obtained from the ecological and sociological studies of seven species of New World monkeys living in La Macarena region, Colombia. 1. As for the social structure, capuchins (Cebus apella) live in a multimale and multifemale group and member transfer occurs primarily for males. Rank order among males depends on the age and that of females depends on the affinitive relations towards males. 2. Howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) live in a one-male group and member transfer occurs only for males. Infanticide occurs when alpha-male of the group changes. 3. Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) live in a multimale and multifemale group and member transfer occurs primarily for females, especially young nuliparous ones. Copulation has no seasonality and the mounting is of single type lasting for 2-24 minutes (av. 8 min.) 4. The difference of habitat utilization of five species of cebid monkeys was confirmed. That is, capuchins and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) occupy the lower strata of forest in lower parts of slope to lowlands, whereas howler monkeys, woolly monkeys and spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) use mainly the upper strata of forest and upper parts of slope to rising highlands. 5. Physiognomy of vegetation and landforms were measured along two trails in the study area, most of which consisted of undulating hilly land. Five vegetation types were distinguished, and the existence of each type was closely related to particular disturbances in each of the landforms; i.e., channel changes of meandering river, floods, erosions, landslides and tree-falls. 6. Red howler monkeys eat particular soils selectively. Soils eaten by monkeys had higher pH(H_2O) values (4.45.4) and higher concentration of some minerals, namely, N, P, Ca, K, Na and Cl, than forest floor soils not eaten.