Life Cycle Assessment of Dairy Production Systems Including Material Cycles of Grasslands

与奶牛场相关的环境问题不仅是水污染和恶臭等局部问题，也是全球变暖和酸化等全球性问题。量化奶牛场的环境问题是奶牛场环境信息公开的必要条件。在本研究中，我们使用LCA（生命周期评估）来量化它们。LCA研究从原材料获取到生产、使用和处置的整个产品生命周期（即从摇篮到坟墓）中的环境因素和潜在影响（ISO 14040）。我们选择了Okoppe饲料服务（OFS）和八个奶牛场，参与OFS的这项研究。OFS的主要作用是高效生产饲料和生产TMR（全混合日粮）。于2002年7月对奶牛场和奶牛场进行了实地调查，并收集了2001年的生命周期评价资料。LCA的乳品系统由OFS和奶牛场组成。利用母源数据和排放因子对CO_2、CH_4、N_2O、NOx、SOx、NH_3、T-N、T-P等环境负荷进行了量化。每一种环境负担都与环境问题有关，这些问题是全球升温潜能值（CO2、CH 4和N2 O）、酸化（NOx、SOx和NH3）和富营养化（NOx、NH3、T-N和T-P）。我们确定的参数，其中有最大的环境影响（热点）在本研究的乳制品系统，使用LCA的结果。与奶牛场有关的问题如下：第一，有可能导致全球变暖，这是由于动物舍中牲畜排放的CH 4和排泄物处理设施（特别是堆肥仓）中粪便排放的N2 O。第二，酸化是由动物舍和排泄物处理设施（特别是堆肥仓）中排泄物中的NH3引起的。堆肥场粪便中的T-N、T-P是造成水体富营养化的主要原因。

The environmental problems associated with dairy farms are not only local problems such as water pollution and offensive odor, but also global problems including global warming and acidification. Quantifying dairy farm's environmental problems is necessary for the disclosure of the environmental information of dairy farms. In this study, we use LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) to quantify them. LCA studies the environmental aspects and potential impacts throughout a product's life (i.e. cradle-to-grave) from raw material acquisition through to its production, use and disposal (ISO14040). We have selected Okoppe Feed Service (OFS) arid eight dairy farms, which participate in OFS for this study. The main roles of OFS are the efficient production of forage and the production of TMR (Total Mixed Ration). We investigated OFS and the dairy farms in the field in July 2002, and collected the material data of year 2001 for LCA. The dairy system of LCA is composed of OFS and the dairy farms. Environmental burdens, which are CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx, SOx, NH3, T-N acid T-P, are quantified using the maternal data and emission factors. Each environmental burden is related to environmental problems, which are global warming potential (CO2, CH4 and N2O), acidification (NOx, SOx and NH3) and eutrophication (NOx, NH3, T-N and T-P). We identify the parameters, which have the largest environmental impact (hot-spots) in the dairy system of this study, using the LCA results. The problems related to dairy farms are shown as followers ; First, there is the potential for global warming are as a result of CH4 from livestock in animal houses and N2O from manure in excreta-processing facilities (especially compost barns). Second, acidification is caused by NH3 from excreta in animal houses and excreta-processing facilities (especially compost barns). Third, eutrophication is resulting from T-N and T-P in compost barns excreta.