An Empirical Study on Club Activities in Secondary Education

这种教育变革，如取消内课俱乐部活动；学校与地方社区的合作联动；以及教育市场化改革，无疑激起了包括变革支持者和反对者在内的反应。我们侧重于对学生咨询和指导、职业指导以及学生参与体育/文化活动的机会的影响。在东京、静冈和新泻，我们通过问卷、参与者观察和对初中生和高中生的访谈等研究方法收集了证据。根据我们的数据，学生表现出两种倾向：1)基于活动的倾向；2)以人际关系为基础的倾向。对于前者，人们对改革的评价是受欢迎的，但对于后者，人们对改革的评价是否定的。它的趋势是根据“错失的机会”来评估变化，例如，以前俱乐部活动提供的体育空间…。更多的e和机会来建立人际关系。提供各种非学术机会，如课外俱乐部，即不仅是学术成就，旨在为对学术科目不太感兴趣的学生提供对学校生活和未来前景更积极的态度。课外俱乐部也为“性别亚文化”的形成提供了适当的条件。在学生参加体育/文化活动的机会上，根据家庭的社会经济状况和地区特点，存在差异，但这种差异通过提供课外俱乐部缩小了这种差异。在学校和社区之间更广泛的合作联系中，导致第一，学生辅导和指导的机会和情况的减少，使俱乐部活动的理性变成了一种竞争导向的性质。其次，它造成了一种情况，即1)当地社会和家长对学校的期望更加明确，2)学校的角色和责任也变得更加强调。较少

This educational changes such as the abolition of inner-curricular club activities ; the co-operative linkage of schools and local communities ; and the market-oriented reform in education have undoubtedly provoked a response that includes supporters and opponents of change. We focused upon influences on student counseling and guidance ; career guidance ; and opportunities for students' participation in sports/cultural activities. In Tokyo, Shizuoka, and Niigata, we've collected evidence with these research methods : questionnaires, participant observation, and interviews on junior high and high-school students.According to our data students' display two inclinations that relate to : 1) an activity-based orientation and 2) a human relations-based orientation. For the former the reform is evaluated in a welcome manner, but for the latter in negative. Its tendency is to evaluate change on the basis of "missed opportunities", for example, club activities formerly offered the physical spac … More e and opportunities for forming human relationships. The provision of various non-scholastic opportunities like extra-curricular clubs, i.e. not only academic achievements, was meant to provide students who weren't so interested in academic subjects, with a more positive attitude to school life and their future perspectives. The extra-curricular clubs also provide appropriate situations for the formation of "gender-subculture".On students' opportunities in sports/culture activities, there are differences according to the socio-economic situation of their families and to regional characteristics, but such differences had been reduced by the provision of the extra-curricular clubs.In more extensive co-operative linkage between schools and communities, has resulted in, firstly the reduction of opportunities and situations for student counseling and guidance has changed the rational of club activities into one of a competition-oriented nature. Secondly, it causes a situation whereby 1) the expectations of the local community and parents towards the school are made more clear, and 2) the role and responsibility of the school too becomes much emphasized. Less