Pseudo-house and Pseudo-wall : A Unique Funerary Practice of the Early Pastoral Nomads in the Near East.

本研究项目的目的是根据伪定居点假说探索近东早期游牧民族的起源和发展，这可能是对黎凡特南部神秘定居点形成过程的一种解释，这些定居点缺乏任何明确的实际居住证据。为此选择了约旦南部的贾夫尔盆地。2001-2002年在Qa 'Abu Tulayha West的发掘和2003年在al-Jafr盆地西北部的一系列调查显示，从新石器时代晚期到青铜时代早期，该盆地的早期游牧民族的墓葬设施总是包含一个伪房屋或其退化形式，pusedo-wall作为附属设施。他们还证实：1)新石器时代晚期墓葬习俗的伪屋石在铜石器时代转变为伪墙石，而铜石器时代的伪墙石又转变为k线（即k线）。（青铜时代早期的伪墙墓葬石）和伪墙墓葬围场的线性组合；2)这种独特的埋葬方式可能源于地板下的埋葬方式，更准确地说，是立面下的埋葬方式，这种方式在PPNB西部的农牧人口中很流行。这一系列证据表明，黎凡特南部的早期游牧是通过定居的农牧民向草原和沙漠的传播而建立的，而不是通过在干旱边缘游荡的狩猎采集者引进驯养的绵羊和山羊而建立的。

The purpose of this research project was to explore the origin and development of the early pastoral nomadism in the Near East in light of the pseudo-settlement hypothesis, a likely explanation for the formation process of enigmatic settlement sites in southern Levant that lack any clear evidence for practical habitation. Chosen for this purpose was the al-Jafr basin in southern Jordan.The excavations at Qa 'Abu Tulayha West in 2001-2002 and a series of investigations in the northwestern part of the al-Jafr basin in 2003 revealed that burial installations of early pastoral nomads in this basin from the Late Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age always contain a pseudo-house or its deteriorated form, pusedo-wall as annexed facilities. They also confirmed that : 1)pseudo-house cairns, which characterize the burial customs in the Late Neolithic, changed into pseudo-wall cairns in the Chalcolithic, which in turn were transformed into K-lines(i.e., a linear combination of pseudo-wall burial cairns) and pseudo-wall burial enclosures in the Early Bronze Age ; 2) this unique burial practice derived probably from the under-floor or, more precisely, under-facade burials that were popular among PPNB agro-pastoral populations to the west.This line of evidence highlights that the early pastoral nomadism in the southern Levant was established through the spread of sedentary, agro-pastoralists towards the steppe and desert, not through the import of domesticated sheep and goat by hunter-gatherers who were wandering in the arid peripheries.