"Freedom"and Politics in the Moral Sciences in Germany

本研究旨在厘清对20世纪20年代至60年代德国学术产生重大影响的道德科学的思想和政治行动。从施莱尔马赫和狄尔泰衍生出来的道德科学领域是“历史”和“文化”，其方法是“纳舍勒本”和“解释学”。我们可以最清楚地看到它在教育中的影响。事实上，20世纪30年代，德国大学的教育岗位被道德科学的青年占据。但由于道德科学的方法论特征倾向于描述“内心世界”或主观世界，道德科学不能赶上现实的政治世界，在这一假设下，笔者对道德科学与宗教思想进行了两次比较，尤其是在民族社会主义时代。第一个研究是道德科学与辩证神学的比较，后者对民族社会主义持不同的立场。斯普林格等道德科学的教育理论是从“文化”和“历史”两个方面建构起来的。而辩证法神学，如狄特里希·邦霍费尔和卡尔·巴思，则是从上帝的话语中建构出来的。第二个研究是与宗教教育的比较。赫穆斯·基特尔是哥廷根大学埃里希·维尼格学院的一名路德教徒，他策划了军国主义教育。我们可以发现，道德科学的基础在“文化”、“历史”和“军国主义”的角度上与民族社会主义是相似的。

The purpose of this research is to make clear the idea and political action of the moral sciences, which had a great influence on the german academy fi an 1920s to 1960s. The field of moral sciences, which derives from Schleiermacher and Dilthey, was"history"and"culture", and its method was"Nacherleben"and"Hermeneutics". We can find its influence in education most clearly. In fact posts of the education in german university were occupied by youths of the moral sciences in 1930s. But because of its methodological characteristics, which tended to describe an"inner world", or a subjective world, moral sciences could not catch up with the real political world.On this assumption, I made two comparisons between the moral sciences and the religious thoughts especially in the era of the nationalsocialism. The first research is a comparison between the moral sciences and the dialectic theology, which had alternative stance against the nationalsocialism. The educational theory of the moral sciences, e.g. Eduard Spranger, was constructed from"culture"and"history". But that of the dialectic theology e.g. Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Karl Barth, was constructed from the"word of God".The second research is a comparison with the religious education. Helmuth Kittel, who was a lutheran and a college of Erich Weniger at the university in Goettingen, planed the militaristic education.We can find that the basis of the moral sciences is similar with the nationalsocialism in the point of"culture","history"and"militarism".