"Freedom"and Politics in the Moral Sciences in Germany

本研究的目的在于厘清道德科学的理念和政治行为，道德科学在20世纪20年代至60年代对德国学术界产生了重大影响。源于施莱尔马赫和狄尔泰的道德科学领域是“历史”和“文化”，其方法是“Nacherleben”和“解释学”。我们可以最清楚地发现它对教育的影响。事实上，20世纪30年代德国大学的教育岗位被道德科学青年所占据。但是，由于道德科学的方法论特点，即倾向于描述“内心世界”或主观世界，道德科学无法跟上现实的政治世界。在此假设下，我对道德科学与宗教思想进行了两次比较，特别是对国家社会主义时代的宗教思想进行了比较。首先，比较了道德科学与辩证法神学对民族社会主义的对立立场。道德科学的教育理论，如爱德华·斯普朗格，是从“文化”和“历史”出发构建的。但辩证法神学，如迪特里希·邦霍费尔和卡尔·巴特，是建立在“上帝的话语”。第二项研究是与宗教教育的比较。赫尔穆斯·基特尔是路德教徒，也是哥廷根大学埃里希·韦尼格学院的学生，他策划了军国主义教育。我们可以发现，道德科学的基础与民族社会主义在“文化”、“历史”和“军国主义”方面是相似的。

The purpose of this research is to make clear the idea and political action of the moral sciences, which had a great influence on the german academy fi an 1920s to 1960s. The field of moral sciences, which derives from Schleiermacher and Dilthey, was"history"and"culture", and its method was"Nacherleben"and"Hermeneutics". We can find its influence in education most clearly. In fact posts of the education in german university were occupied by youths of the moral sciences in 1930s. But because of its methodological characteristics, which tended to describe an"inner world", or a subjective world, moral sciences could not catch up with the real political world.On this assumption, I made two comparisons between the moral sciences and the religious thoughts especially in the era of the nationalsocialism. The first research is a comparison between the moral sciences and the dialectic theology, which had alternative stance against the nationalsocialism. The educational theory of the moral sciences, e.g. Eduard Spranger, was constructed from"culture"and"history". But that of the dialectic theology e.g. Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Karl Barth, was constructed from the"word of God".The second research is a comparison with the religious education. Helmuth Kittel, who was a lutheran and a college of Erich Weniger at the university in Goettingen, planed the militaristic education.We can find that the basis of the moral sciences is similar with the nationalsocialism in the point of"culture","history"and"militarism".