"Freedom"and Politics in the Moral Sciences in Germany

本研究的目的在于厘清20世纪20 - 60年代对德国学术界产生重大影响的道德科学思想及其政治行动。从施莱尔马赫和狄尔泰开始，道德科学的领域是“历史”和“文化”，方法是“历史学”和“解释学”。它对教育的影响最为明显。事实上，在20世纪30年代，德国大学的教育职位被道德科学的年轻人占据。但由于道德科学的方法论特征，即倾向于描述一个“内心世界”，即主观世界，道德科学无法赶上真实的政治世界。第一个研究是对道德科学与辩证神学的比较，辩证神学对民族社会主义有不同的立场。以施普林格为代表的道德科学教育理论是从“文化”和“历史”两个方面建构起来的。而辩证法神学的神学观，如邦霍费尔、巴特等，则是从“上帝的话语”出发建构的。德国哥廷根大学的埃里希·韦尼格尔学院的路德会成员赫尔穆特·基特尔策划了德国的军国主义教育，我们可以发现，道德科学的基础在“文化”、“历史”和“军国主义”方面与国家社会主义有着相似之处。

The purpose of this research is to make clear the idea and political action of the moral sciences, which had a great influence on the german academy fi an 1920s to 1960s. The field of moral sciences, which derives from Schleiermacher and Dilthey, was"history"and"culture", and its method was"Nacherleben"and"Hermeneutics". We can find its influence in education most clearly. In fact posts of the education in german university were occupied by youths of the moral sciences in 1930s. But because of its methodological characteristics, which tended to describe an"inner world", or a subjective world, moral sciences could not catch up with the real political world.On this assumption, I made two comparisons between the moral sciences and the religious thoughts especially in the era of the nationalsocialism. The first research is a comparison between the moral sciences and the dialectic theology, which had alternative stance against the nationalsocialism. The educational theory of the moral sciences, e.g. Eduard Spranger, was constructed from"culture"and"history". But that of the dialectic theology e.g. Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Karl Barth, was constructed from the"word of God".The second research is a comparison with the religious education. Helmuth Kittel, who was a lutheran and a college of Erich Weniger at the university in Goettingen, planed the militaristic education.We can find that the basis of the moral sciences is similar with the nationalsocialism in the point of"culture","history"and"militarism".