A study on cognitive and physiological grounding for metaphoric structures in natural language

在本项目中，研究了(1)空间、(2)时间、(3)情感和(4)声音象征主义现象的概念域的隐喻结构的认知和体现特性。我们的研究揭示了以下几点。(1)自我的正面运动促进了空间参照系从反思到翻译的转变。(2)在日语中存在一种现象，我们称之为“图形对齐投影”，即图形对象的轴线投影到参考对象上。(3)日语空间术语“mae”、“ushiro”、“temae”、“saki”和“mukou”的语义属性包含空间参照系规范。它们还具有不能简化为参考框架的语义特征。在时空隐喻中，FRONT/BACK的空间用法与其时间用法相关。自我的正面运动暗示在这种延伸中起作用。(5)由空间术语衍生的时间连词保留了其空间识解的图像图式结构。英语和日语从消化系统到情感的隐喻映射不同。日语对愤怒、焦虑和惊讶等各种情绪有更详细的扩展。在英语中，消化系统似乎并没有延伸到愤怒的领域。声音象征主义(7)声音象征主义超越了拟声词。一些音韵学特征（元音的高度、发音）与某些含义有关，比如LARGE/SMALL、HARD/SOFT等。这些构成了自然语言的具体化属性的实例。

In this project, research has been carried out on the cognitive and embodied properties of metaphoric structures of the conceptual domains of (1) space, (2) time, (3) emotion, and the phenomenon of (4) sound symbolism. Our studies have revealed the following points.SPACE(1) Ego's frontal motion facilitates the shift of spatial reference frame from Reflection to Translation.(2) In Japanese there exists a phenomenon we call "figure-aligned projection", where the axes of the Figure Object is projected onto the Reference Object.(3) Japanese spatial terms "mae," "ushiro," "temae," "saki," and "mukou" include specifications of spatial reference frames as their semantic property. They also have semantic features that cannot be reduced to reference frames.TIME(4) In the space-to-time metaphors, the spatial uses of FRONT/BACK terms correlates with their temporal uses. Implication of Ego's frontal motion plays a role in this extension.(5) Temporal conjunctions that are derived from spatial terms preserve the image-schematic structures of their spatial construals.EMOTION(6) English and Japanese have different metaphorical mappings from digestive systems to emotion. Japanese has more elaborated extensions to various emotions such as anger, anxiety, and surprise. In English, digestive system does not seem to extend to the domain of anger.SOUND SYMBOLISM(7) Sound symbolism is seen beyond onomatopoeia. Some phonological features (height of vowels, sonorancy) are related to certain meanings like LARGE/SMALL, HARD/SOFT, etc. These constitute an instantiation of embodied properties of natural language.