p53-independent apoptosis, non-apoptotic programmed cell death, and organelle

(1)我们将人室管膜母细胞瘤、胶质母细胞瘤和小细胞肺癌（SCLC）的细胞皮下移植到裸鼠体内，用10 Gy、200 kV的x射线照射，照射后3、4.5、6小时切除肿瘤，制作切片，利用空气中微粒子诱导x射线发射（micro-PIXE）检测细胞死亡、凋亡和坏死引起的元素分布变化。在未照射的肿瘤中，活性肿瘤细胞的细胞核和细胞质中可见磷(P)、钾(K)、氯（C1）和硫(S)，这些元素在小坏死灶中明显减少。在室管膜母细胞瘤中，照射后明显诱导细胞凋亡，但微pixe难以清楚地检测到这些元素的分布变化。在胶质母细胞瘤和SCLC中，观察到小的坏死灶，P、K、Cl和S显著降低，与形态学结果一致。(2)将人脑肿瘤（胶质母细胞瘤、室管膜母细胞瘤和原始神经外胚层肿瘤：PNET）皮下移植到裸鼠身上，用碳离子束（290MeV/u, 6cm SOBP）或200kV x射线照射裸鼠。照射后6或48小时，切除肿瘤、脑、脾、肾、十二指肠和睾丸，称量，显微镜下观察细胞凋亡及其他组织学变化。碳离子束比x射线更有效，RBE值大于1.0，但根据肿瘤和终点的不同，RBE值有所不同。0.25-1 Gy辐照后6 h室管膜母细胞瘤细胞凋亡率分别为5-49/ HPF和3-9/HPF。在胶质母细胞瘤中，碳离子成像值为1.2 ~ 4.0/HPF， x射线成像值为0.4 ~ 1.0/HPF。室管膜母细胞瘤、PNET和胶质母细胞瘤的RBE值分别为3.0、3.6和6.1。放射敏感正常组织的RBE值为1.2 ~ 2.1。这些结果表明，重离子束比x射线更有利于治疗放射耐药肿瘤。少

(1) We subcutaneously transplanted cells of human ependymoblastoma, glioblastoma, and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) into nude mice, irradiated them with 10 Gy X-ray at 200 kV, excised the tumors 3, 4.5, or 6 hours after irradiation, produced sections, and examined the changes in the distribution of elements by cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, using an in-air micro-particle-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE). In the non-irradiated tumors, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), chlorine (C1), and sulfur (S) were observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of viable tumor cells, and these elements were significantly decreased in small necrotic lesions. In ependymoblastoma, apoptosis was markedly induced after irradiation, but it was difficult to clearly detect the changes in the distribution of these elements by the micro-PIXE. In glioblastoma and SCLC, small necrotic lesions were observed, and P, K, Cl, and S were significantly decreased, agreeing well with morphological findings.(2) Human brain tu … More mors (glioblastoma, ependymoblastoma, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor : PNET) were transplanted to nude mice subcutaneously, and the mice were irradiated with carbon ion beams (290MeV/u, 6cm SOBP) or 200kV X-rays. Tumors, brains, spleens, kidneys, duodenums, and testes were excised and weighed 6 or 48 hours after irradiation, and they were microscopically examined to evaluate apoptosis and other histological changes. Carbon ion beams were more effective than X-rays and the RBE values were more than 1.0, but the values varied according to the tumors and endpoints. The incidences of apoptosis 6 hours after 0.25-1 Gy irradiation were 5-49/high power field (HPF) by carbon ion and 3-9/HPF by X-ray in the ependymoblastoma. Those values were 1.2-4.0/HPF by carbon ion and 0.4-1.0/HPF by X-ray in the glioblastoma. RBE values were 3.0, 3.6, and 6.1 for the ependymoblastoma, the PNET, and the glioblastoma, respectively. In contrast, RBE values of radiosensitive normal tissues were 1.2-2.1. These results suggest that the heavy ion beams are more favorable for treating radioresistant tumors than X-rays. Less