Political thought of Italian Idealism. Croce, Gentile and Fascism

在当代意大利哲学的故事中，最具启发性和激动人心的插曲可能是贝尼代托·克罗齐(1866-1952)和乔瓦尼·真蒂尔(1875-1943)之间的争论。这次辩论非常有启发性，因为它们的卷册反映了意大利前法西斯主义思想的主要问题和答案。它极具刺激性，因为我们可以看到在理性的舞台上上演了两位伟人就人类经验的基本问题进行的戏剧性斗争。制度之争是整个思想史的特征，在他们独特的新黑格尔唯心主义类型中被缩短到了一个宏伟的高潮。从1896年开始，詹蒂莱与克罗齐发展了一种智力上的友谊。至于哲学，克罗齐受到了康德的影响，但这种影响并没有持续很长时间。在真蒂莱的推动下，克罗齐试图克服康德的哲学，获得自己的唯心主义思想体系。相反，年轻的非犹太人接受…更多的是经济和智力方面的帮助。他们之间有什么交往和通信？这是一个非常有趣的问题。但是，在法西斯主义面前，他们采取了相反的立场，反法西斯主义和亲法西斯主义。在混乱的时代，詹蒂莱似乎比超然的奥林匹斯·克罗齐更具战斗性，因此也是一个切合实际的思想家。詹蒂莱对法西斯主义的哲学辩护不仅反映了他的保守和民族主义思想。克罗齐和真蒂莱有着非常相似的偏见和期望。但是克罗齐的观点和他们在思想上的表述是可以根据证据加以修改的，而詹蒂莱的则不是，因为他的方法认可了对现实的极端抽象。通过坚持思想和行动的同一性，他排除了所有可以用来批评政治行动的标准。当然，这项研究的目的是解决这两位意大利伟大思想家之间的争端，而不是展示它的全部辛酸。如果我的作品在某种程度上揭示了理性生活本身的精髓，那么我的作品就达到了它的目的，不会白写。理性的戏剧已经如此出色地体现在柏拉图式的主要对话中。正如我在我的论文中所说，非犹太人是克罗齐的最佳对手。因为在智力竞争的舞台上，对手越强，战斗就越好。较少

What is perhaps the most instructive and stimulating episode in the story of contemporary Italian philosophy is the polemic between Benedetto Croce (1866- 1952) and Giovanni Gentile (1875-1943). This debate is very instructive because therein is reflected in their volumes the main questions and answers of pre-fascism thought in Italy. It is highly stimulating because we can see enacted on the stage of reason the dramatic struggle of two great minds with the basic issues of human experience. The strife of systems, which characterizes the whole history of ideas, is foreshortened in their unique types of neo-Hegelian idealism to a grand climax.From 1896 forward, Gentile developed an intellectual friendship with Croce. As to philosophy, Croce was under Kant's influence, but this influence did not last for very long. Under Gentile's driving influence Croce tried to overcome the philosophy of Kant and to acquire his own system of the idealistic thought. On the contrary, younger Gentile accep … More ted the economical and intellectual aids. What intercourses and correspondences were there between them? It's a most interesting problem.But, in front of Fascism, they took the opposite positions, anti-Fascism and pro-Fascism. In troubled times, Gentile appeared a more militant and therefore relevant thinker than the detached and Olympian Croce. Gentile's philosophical defense of Fascism did not simply reflect his conservative and nationalistic ideas. Croce and Gentile had fairly similar prejudices and expectations. But Croce's views and their articulation in thought were open to revision in the light of evidence, and Gentile's were not, owing to the extreme abstraction from reality, which was sanctioned by his method. By insisting on the identity of thought and action, he excluded all criteria whereby political action could be criticized.The aim of this research, of course, is to settle the dispute between the two Italian great thinkers, but rather to exhibit it in all its poignancy. My work will have served its purpose and not have been written in vain if it reveals somewhat the quintessence of the life of reason itself, whose drama has been so superbly incarnated in the major Platonic dialogues. And as I suggested in my papers, Gentile is by far the best match for Croce. For in the arena of intellectual contention, the stronger the opponents, the better the fighting. Less