Exploring timing control mechanisms in speech production and working memory

为了研究短期记忆和语音产生的时间控制机制，我们采用了语音错误诱导技术，要求参与者说出目标单词，并在目标单词说出之前意外地暴露在听觉干扰词中。我们操纵了可能在目标单词中出现的音素的位置。此外，对于每个目标单词，参与者被要求说出一个单词，而不是重复说出一个单词，我们观察到语音错误的可靠数量。说话错误的模式与顺序偏差假设有关。接下来，我们研究了时间分组的有益影响，其中九位数的列表被聚为三个，在视觉呈现的列表的即时串行回忆。一个主要的变量是项目展示的时间：恒定的规则速率或分组时间。此外，我们还操纵了次要任务的时间结构，即更多的手指敲击和发音抑制。参与者在三种敲击条件下完成这些记忆任务：无敲击控制、有规律的敲击和分组敲击，其中敲击的时间与分组展示的时间相同。结果表明，分组呈现在分组叩击条件下有显著的促进作用，而在常规叩击条件下无显著的促进作用。在接下来的实验中，除了敲击总是伴随着与敲击同步的发音抑制外，程序基本上与第一个实验相同；因此，三种双任务条件为无抑制控制、规则速率抑制和分组抑制。虽然回忆水平急剧下降，但我们在分组抑制条件下再次观察到可靠的分组呈现效应，但在常规速率抑制条件下则没有。提示发音抑制通过分散时间信息编码消除视觉呈现材料的时间分组效应，而不是通过阻止语音编码。少

To investigate timing control mechanisms in short-term memory and speech production, we adopted a speech error induction technique in which participants were required to utter a target word and were unexpectedly exposed to an auditory distractor word immediately before the utterance of the target word. We manipulated the position of phonemes that could potentially slip within a target word. Furthermore, participants were required a single utterance, rather than repeated utterances, for each target word and we observed the reliable number of speech errors. The patterns of the errors in speaking were examined in relation to the sequential bias hypothesis. Next, we investigated a beneficial effect of temporal grouping, in which nine-digit lists are clustered into threes, on immediate serial recall of visually presented lists. A primary variable was item presentation timing : Constant regular-rate or grouped timing. Furthermore, we manipulated temporal structures of secondary tasks, i.e., … More finger tapping and articulatory suppression. Participants performed these memory tasks under three tapping conditions : no-tapping control, regular-rate tapping, and grouped tapping, in which timing of tapping was the same as that of grouped presentation. Results showed a significant facilitative effect of grouped presentation in the grouped tapping condition, but not in the regular-rate tapping condition. Then in the next experiment, procedures were essentially the same as for the first experiment except that tapping was always accompanied by articulatory suppression synchronized to the tapping; thus, three dual-task conditions were no-suppression control, regular-rate suppression, and grouped suppression. Although recall levels declined dramatically, we observed a reliable grouping presentation effect again in the grouped suppression, but not in the regular-rate suppression condition. It is suggested that articulatory suppression removes the temporal grouping effect for visually presented materials by distracting coding of timing information but not by preventing phonological coding. Less