Principles of promoter acquisition mechanism in symbiogenesis

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In endosymbiotic evolution, genes of the endosymbionts are gradually transferred to the host nucleus whereby they obtained new promoters to become functional host genes. We analyzed the molecular process of this promoter acquisition, using promoter trap lines of Arabidopsis as a model system. As a result, we found that the promoter acquisition occurs in three types ; namely de novo origination type, trapping preexisting promoter type, and the combination type of the former two. Further analyses of these subtypes revealed that the de novo origination of new promoters is closely related with chromatin remodeling that occurs at the insertion sites of the coding sequences.