Comparative ecology of primates in West Africa

西非灵长类动物的比较生态学

• 批准号: 63043045
• 负责人: SUGIYAMA Yukimaru
• 金额: $ 0.77万
• 依托单位: Kyoto University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Overseas Scientific Research
• 财政年份: 1987
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1987 至 1988
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-63043045/
• 关键词: chimpanzee; ecology; tool-using behavior; patas monkey; savannna monkey; 採食生態

The data obtained from field studies in 1987 at Bossou, Guinea, Kala Maloue National Park and Campo Animal Reserve, Cameroon have been analyzed and partly published. Summary of the result in each study area was described below.Guinea team studied on population dynamics, tool-using behavior, sexual behavior, and other social behaviors of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, near Guinea-Liberia border. The group of chimpanzees have been studied since 1976 without artificial feeding, so that the long term data are available. New data on population dynamics was given through the death of a young male chimpanzees. Some other cases of natural death of the chimpanzees of the group in the past were clarified. The body size of the dead chimpanzee was smaller than that of reared chimps in the same age. Experimental and observational studies on tool-using, oil-palmnut cracking with natural stone hammers and anvils, revealed flexibility and optimality in the behavior: the chimps easily use substitutable ma … More terials (woods) when stones were not available; they conveyed both stones and palm-seeds; they preferred particular size of stones and particular oldness of palm-nuts; the role of stones was not fixed. We also recorded the use of secondary (meta) tool and the traces of ant dipping which had not been recorded in the Bossou chimps. Our study revealed chimpanzee's high ability of recognition supporting various tool-using behavior, and suggested fruitful result by linking ecology with psycology. Our study on sexual behavior focused on the relationship between female sexual cycles and the number of males. The estorus cycles of female chimpanzees were synchronized when males were sufficient, and not when insufficient. Adaptational switching according to the amount of male resources was suggested. The analysis on the cause for chimpanzee fission-fusion are now undergoing. It will be clarified the relation between fission-fusion and food availability; role playing and social contexts, and so on.Comparative feeding ecology of monkeys living in the savanna-grassland in Kala Maloue was carried out for patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and savanna monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). These savanna adapted species were revealed to be different in feeding and ranging behavior as follows. Patas monkeys ranged mainly in grassland, home range was about 6 km^2, and daily travel distance was about 6 km during dry season. On the contrary, savanna monkeys ranged mainly in riverine forest, sometimes in grassland. Home range was only about 1 km^2, and daily travel distance was about 2 km. Both species fed mainly on fruits of several woody plant, seeds, flowers and gum of Acacia trees. In addition, patas monkeys ate insects (e.g., grasshoppers, weevils and lavaes of unidentified insects) as well as meet (chickens, lizards). On the other hand, savanna monkeys sometimes ate insects but hardly did meet. Instead of this, they fed on blades of several herbaceous plant at riverside. These differences in thier diet may affect the protein intake in the two species. As a result, larger protein intake of patas monkeys may enable them to breed in dry season.Social structure and tool-using behavior of chimpanzees were studied of Campo through artificial feeding since 1985. Some chimpanzees could be observed from inside of the blind at the artificial feeding site during this study period. Most of chimpanzees which came into the feeding site were alone or in small parties of two individuals, occasionally four or more, nine in maximum, containing both sexes of adults and immatures. Sugiyama reported tool-using behavior of chimpanzees in Campo Reserve in 1985. In this study, additional data on the characteristics of termite mound digging sticks were collected. The frequency and the seasonality of termite digging was also studied. Several species of plant seemed to be chosen as the material of digging sticks, and the frequency of termite digging behavior was very low. Less

对1987年在几内亚博苏、卡拉马卢国家公园和喀麦隆坎波动物保护区进行的实地研究获得的数据进行了分析，并部分发表。几内亚研究小组在几内亚-利比里亚边境附近的Bossou对野生黑猩猩的种群动态、工具使用行为、性行为和其他社会行为进行了研究。自1976年以来，在没有人工喂养的情况下对黑猩猩进行了研究，因此可以获得长期数据。一只年轻雄性黑猩猩的死亡提供了关于种群动态的新数据。澄清了过去该群黑猩猩自然死亡的其他一些案例。死亡黑猩猩的体型小于同龄饲养黑猩猩的体型。对工具使用的实验和观察研究，用天然石锤和铁砧敲碎油棕榈，揭示了行为的灵活性和最佳性：黑猩猩很容易使用可替代的物质， ...更多信息 当石头不可用时，他们使用材料（木材）;他们既传递石头又传递棕榈种子;他们更喜欢石头的特定尺寸和棕榈坚果的特定年龄;石头的作用是不固定的。我们还记录了第二次（元）工具的使用和蚂蚁浸的痕迹，这在博苏黑猩猩中没有记录。我们的研究揭示了黑猩猩的高识别能力支持各种工具使用行为，并提出了将生态学与心理学相结合的丰硕成果。我们对性行为的研究集中在女性性周期和男性数量之间的关系。当雄性数量充足时，雌性黑猩猩的发情周期是同步的，而当雄性数量不足时，发情周期就不同步了。建议根据雄性资源的多少进行适应性转换。对黑猩猩裂变-融合的原因的分析正在进行中。本研究以红头猴（Erythrocebus patas）和长尾猴（cercopithecus aethiops）为研究对象，对生活在Kala Maloue热带稀树草原的猕猴进行了摄食生态学的比较研究。这些稀树草原适应的物种被揭示为不同的觅食和测距行为如下。帕塔斯猴主要活动在草原上，家域约为6 km^2，旱季时日活动距离约为6 km。草原猴则主要分布在河流沿岸的森林中，有时也会在草原上活动。它们的活动范围只有大约1平方公里，每天的移动距离大约为2公里。这两个物种主要以几种木本植物的果实、种子、花和金合欢树的树胶为食。此外，patas猴子吃昆虫（例如，蝗虫、象鼻虫和不明昆虫的熔岩）以及肉（鸡、蜥蜴）。另一方面，热带草原的猴子有时也吃昆虫，但很少见面。它们在河边吃几种草本植物的叶片。这些饮食上的差异可能会影响这两个物种的蛋白质摄入量。1985年以来，坎波通过人工饲养研究了黑猩猩的社会结构和工具使用行为。在本研究期间，在人工饲养点，可以从盲板内部观察到一些黑猩猩。大多数进入觅食地的黑猩猩是单独的，或者是两个人组成的小团体，偶尔有四个或更多，最多九个，包括成年和未成年的两性。杉山在1985年报道了坎波保护区黑猩猩使用工具的行为。在这项研究中，额外的数据的特点，白蚁丘挖掘棍棒收集。白蚁挖掘的频率和季节性也进行了研究。白蚁挖掘行为的发生频率很低，挖掘棒的材料似乎选择了几种植物。少