Comparative ecology of primates in West Africa

西非灵长类动物的比较生态学

• 批准号: 63043045
• 负责人: SUGIYAMA Yukimaru
• 金额: $ 0.77万
• 依托单位: Kyoto University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Overseas Scientific Research
• 财政年份: 1987
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1987 至 1988
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-63043045/
• 关键词: chimpanzee; ecology; tool-using behavior; patas monkey; savannna monkey; 採食生態

The data obtained from field studies in 1987 at Bossou, Guinea, Kala Maloue National Park and Campo Animal Reserve, Cameroon have been analyzed and partly published. Summary of the result in each study area was described below.Guinea team studied on population dynamics, tool-using behavior, sexual behavior, and other social behaviors of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, near Guinea-Liberia border. The group of chimpanzees have been studied since 1976 without artificial feeding, so that the long term data are available. New data on population dynamics was given through the death of a young male chimpanzees. Some other cases of natural death of the chimpanzees of the group in the past were clarified. The body size of the dead chimpanzee was smaller than that of reared chimps in the same age. Experimental and observational studies on tool-using, oil-palmnut cracking with natural stone hammers and anvils, revealed flexibility and optimality in the behavior: the chimps easily use substitutable ma … More terials (woods) when stones were not available; they conveyed both stones and palm-seeds; they preferred particular size of stones and particular oldness of palm-nuts; the role of stones was not fixed. We also recorded the use of secondary (meta) tool and the traces of ant dipping which had not been recorded in the Bossou chimps. Our study revealed chimpanzee's high ability of recognition supporting various tool-using behavior, and suggested fruitful result by linking ecology with psycology. Our study on sexual behavior focused on the relationship between female sexual cycles and the number of males. The estorus cycles of female chimpanzees were synchronized when males were sufficient, and not when insufficient. Adaptational switching according to the amount of male resources was suggested. The analysis on the cause for chimpanzee fission-fusion are now undergoing. It will be clarified the relation between fission-fusion and food availability; role playing and social contexts, and so on.Comparative feeding ecology of monkeys living in the savanna-grassland in Kala Maloue was carried out for patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and savanna monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops). These savanna adapted species were revealed to be different in feeding and ranging behavior as follows. Patas monkeys ranged mainly in grassland, home range was about 6 km^2, and daily travel distance was about 6 km during dry season. On the contrary, savanna monkeys ranged mainly in riverine forest, sometimes in grassland. Home range was only about 1 km^2, and daily travel distance was about 2 km. Both species fed mainly on fruits of several woody plant, seeds, flowers and gum of Acacia trees. In addition, patas monkeys ate insects (e.g., grasshoppers, weevils and lavaes of unidentified insects) as well as meet (chickens, lizards). On the other hand, savanna monkeys sometimes ate insects but hardly did meet. Instead of this, they fed on blades of several herbaceous plant at riverside. These differences in thier diet may affect the protein intake in the two species. As a result, larger protein intake of patas monkeys may enable them to breed in dry season.Social structure and tool-using behavior of chimpanzees were studied of Campo through artificial feeding since 1985. Some chimpanzees could be observed from inside of the blind at the artificial feeding site during this study period. Most of chimpanzees which came into the feeding site were alone or in small parties of two individuals, occasionally four or more, nine in maximum, containing both sexes of adults and immatures. Sugiyama reported tool-using behavior of chimpanzees in Campo Reserve in 1985. In this study, additional data on the characteristics of termite mound digging sticks were collected. The frequency and the seasonality of termite digging was also studied. Several species of plant seemed to be chosen as the material of digging sticks, and the frequency of termite digging behavior was very low. Less

1987 年在几内亚博苏、卡拉马卢国家公园和喀麦隆坎波动物保护区进行实地研究获得的数据已经过分析并部分发表。每个研究领域的结果总结如下。 几内亚研究小组在几内亚和利比里亚边境附近的博苏对野生黑猩猩的种群动态、工具使用行为、性行为和其他社会行为进行了研究。自 1976 年以来，我们一直在不进行人工喂养的情况下对黑猩猩群体进行研究，以便获得长期数据。一只年轻雄性黑猩猩的死亡提供了有关种群动态的新数据。该群体黑猩猩过去自然死亡的一些其他案例也得到了澄清。死亡黑猩猩的体型比同龄饲养的黑猩猩要小。对使用工具、用天然石锤和铁砧敲裂油棕果的实验和观察研究揭示了行为的灵活性和优化性：当没有石头时，黑猩猩很容易使用可替代的材料（木材）；他们运送石头和棕榈种子；他们更喜欢特定大小的石头和特别古老的棕榈坚果；石头的作用并不固定。我们还记录了辅助（元）工具的使用以及蚂蚁浸泡的痕迹，这些痕迹在博苏黑猩猩中没有记录。我们的研究揭示了黑猩猩的高识别能力支持各种工具使用行为，并通过将生态学与心理学联系起来提出了丰硕的成果。我们对性行为的研究重点是女性性周期与男性数量之间的关系。当雄性黑猩猩充足时，雌性黑猩猩的发情周期是同步的，而当雄性黑猩猩不足时，雌性黑猩猩的发情周期则不同步。建议根据雄性资源的数量进行适应性切换。目前正在对黑猩猩裂变融合的原因进行分析。将澄清裂变聚变与粮食供应之间的关系；对生活在卡拉马卢埃稀树草原的猴子（Erythrocebus patas）和稀树草原猴（cercopithecus aethiops）进行了比较饲养生态学研究。这些适应稀树草原的物种在摄食和放牧行为方面有如下不同。帕塔猴主要活动在草原，活动范围约为6公里^2，旱季每日行走距离约为6公里。相反，热带草原猴主要分布在河流森林中，有时也分布在草原上。居住范围仅约1公里^2，每日行驶距离约2公里。这两个物种主要以几种木本植物的果实、种子、花朵和金合欢树的树胶为食。此外，帕塔猴也吃昆虫（例如蚱蜢、象鼻虫和不明昆虫的熔岩）以及肉食（鸡、蜥蜴）。另一方面，热带草原猴有时也吃昆虫，但很少遇到。相反，它们以河边的几种草本植物的叶片为食。它们饮食中的这些差异可能会影响这两个物种的蛋白质摄入量。因此，帕塔斯猴摄入更多的蛋白质可能使它们能够在旱季繁殖。坎波自1985年起通过人工饲养对黑猩猩的社会结构和工具使用行为进行了研究。在本研究期间，可以在人工饲养场所的盲人内部观察到一些黑猩猩。大多数进入觅食地点的黑猩猩都是单独的，或者是两个人组成的小团体，偶尔有四只或更多，最多九只，其中有成年黑猩猩和幼年黑猩猩。 Sugiyama 于 1985 年报告了坎波保护区黑猩猩的工具使用行为。在这项研究中，收集了有关白蚁丘挖掘棒特征的额外数据。还研究了白蚁挖掘的频率和季节性。似乎选择了几种植物作为挖洞棒的材料，白蚁挖洞行为的频率很低。较少的