Eco-ethology of West-African Chimpanzees and Other Primates

1.在本研究期间，我们在几内亚博索的主要研究区域发现了以下三个野生黑猩猩使用工具的新例子：L)挖藻类；黑猩猩使用约50厘米长的棍子挖掘和摄取池塘中漂浮的藻类(池塘浮渣)。黑猩猩选择细小的、轻的草或蕨类植物的茎作为棍子，在使用它们之前，它们会移除阻碍它们的侧枝。他们用一只手拿着它们，尽可能地将加工过的棍子从池塘的边缘伸出，用勺子挖藻类。2)叶垫：黑猩猩在地上摆放几片大树叶，当地面潮湿时坐在上面，以避免被弄湿。3)捕食白蚁；黑猩猩在打开白蚁丘的表面后，将细细的草茎插入白蚁丘的洞中。白蚁叮咬入侵的树干，因此被从土堆中抬出来，随后被缩回树干的黑猩猩吃掉。白蚁，捕鱼在冈贝的黑猩猩中很普遍，EA…更多的是在非洲，但在西非很少见。我们对挖藻类和叶垫的观察，构成了首次在野生黑猩猩中发现这些新工具的报道。这些发现导致了一种说法，即博苏的黑猩猩在所有被研究的野生群落中拥有最大的工具宝库。到目前为止，在野生黑猩猩身上总共观察到了27种工具，其中18种可以在博苏看到。我们现在正在对生态因素进行分析，以解释为什么博苏的黑猩猩使用如此大量的工具。对研究地点进行了测量，并绘制了测绘地图，为研究奠定了基础。我们还调查了波苏的植物区系、主要水果的可获得性及其季节变化。这些数据被用来分析水果供应的季节性变化与工具使用频率之间的相关性。后一项分析现在开始表明，黑猩猩在水果匮乏期间经常使用工具来获得以其他方式无法获得的食物。我们观察了一名10岁女性的分娩过程。这一事实以及积累的种群动态数据表明，在博苏野生黑猩猩中，初产年龄较低，出生间隔比以前在东非报告的要短。较少

1. During this study period, we found the following three new examples of tool use among wild chimpanzees at the main study area of Bossou, Guinea : l) Algae-scooping ; Chimpanzees use sticks approximately 50 cm long to scoop and ingest algae (pond scum) floating in ponds. Ghimpanzees select thin, light grasses or stems of ferns as sticks, and they remove hampering side-branches before utilizing them. Holding them in one hand, they extend the processed sticks as far as possible from the edge of ponds to scoop algae. 2) Leaf-cushion ; Chimpanzees arrange several large leaves on the ground and sit on them when the ground is moist in order to avoid getting wet. 3) Termite-fishing ; Chimpanzees insert thin stems of grasses into holes of termite mounds after breaking open the surface of the latter. Termites bite the intruding stems, and are thus lifted out of the mounds and subsequently eaten by chimpanzees retracting the stems. Termite, -fishing is widespread among chimpanzees in Gombe, Ea … More st Africa, but it has rarely been seen in West Africa. Our observations of Algae-scooping and Leaf-cushion constitute the first ever reports of these newly-found tools among wild chimpanzees. These discoveries lead to a claim that chimpanzees at Bossou have the largest repertoire of tools among all wild communities studied. There have so far been a total of 27 tools observed among wild chimpanzees, 18 of which can be seen at Bossou. We are now conducting an analysis of ecological factors to explain why chimpanzees at Bossou use such a large number of tools.2. We measured the study site and made a survey map for the basis of research. We also investigated the flora of Bossou, the availability of main fruits, and their seasonal changes. This data was used to analyze the correlation between seasonal changes in fruit availability and the frequency of tool use. The latter analysis is now beginning to indicate that chimpanzees frequently use tools during fruit scarcity to gain access to foods that could not be acquired otherwise.3. We observed parturition in a l0.5-year-old female. This fact along with accumulated data on population dynamics demonstrate that in wild chimpanzees at Bossou, the age of primiparity is lower and the inter-birth interval shorter than previously reported from East Africa. Less