Behavioral Ecology of Paternity in Japanese Macaques Based on Biochemical Analysis of their Paternity

在日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata）群体中，由于其多雄性群体结构和滥交的交配模式，父系关系在行为上是无法辨别的。电泳分析的血液蛋白和免疫血清学分析也未能区分父系，因为几乎没有可检测的多态性。最近开发的DNA指纹识别技术，利用DNA的“小卫星”高可变区域，证明对研究这只猕猴的雄性生殖成功是有用的。圈养组的交配行为和父系鉴定表明：1)在4岁以上的雄性中，雄性优势等级与后代数量可能存在相关性，但社会等级并不反映主要3只成年雄性的后代数量。2)在同一母系内避免近亲交配，3)雌性在其一生中不倾向于生育由同一雄性所育的后代，4)雄性优势等级与伴射精交配次数正相关，5)伴射精交配次数与后代数量不相关。虽然低级别的雄性交配机会有限，但它们能够使雌性受精。6)雄性对交配对象的选择根据其年龄和社会地位可分为三种模式。7)通过观察性行为推断的父系关系与DNA指纹鉴定的父系关系并不一致，特别是在涉及初产雌性的情况下。

Paternity in Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) groups has been behaviorally indiscernible because of their multimale group structure and promiscuous mating patterns. Electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins and immunoserological analysis also failed to discriminate paternity because there is little detectable polymorphism. Recently developed DNA fingerprinting techniques employing "minisatellite" hypervariable regions of DNA proved useful for investigating male reproductive success in this macaque. Their mating behavior and the identified paternity in a captive group indicated 1) in the males over than 4 years old, it revealed the possibility of a correlation between male dominance rank and number of offspring, however, social rank do not reflect the number of offsprings among the major three adult males. 2) Inbreeding was avoided within the same maternal lineage, 3) females did not tend to give birth to offspring fathered by the same males during their life, 4) male dominance rank was positively correlated with the number of copulation accompanied by ejaculation, 5) the number of copulations with ejaculation was not correlated with the number of offspring. Although low-ranking males had only limited opportunities for copulation, they were able to inseminate females. 6) The selection of copulation partners by males can be divided into three patterns according to their age and social rank. 7) Paternity inferred from observation of sexual behavior did not consistently match paternity identified by DNA fingerprinting, especially in cases involving primiparous females.