Behavioral Ecology of Paternity in Japanese Macaques Based on Biochemical Analysis of their Paternity

日本猕猴（Macaca fuscata）群体中的父系一直是行为上难以辨别的，因为他们的多雄性群体结构和混杂的交配模式。血液蛋白电泳分析和免疫血清学分析也未能区分亲子关系，因为几乎没有可检测的多态性。最近开发的DNA指纹技术，采用“小卫星”的DNA高变区证明是有用的调查男性生殖成功，这只猕猴。结果表明：（1）在4岁以上的雄性中，雄性的优势等级与后代数量之间可能存在一定的相关性，但社会等级并不能反映三个主要成年雄性之间的后代数量; 2)同一母系内避免近亲繁殖; 3）雌性个体一生中不倾向于生育由同一雄性个体所生的后代; 4）雄性优势等级与射精交配次数呈正相关; 5）射精交配次数与后代数量无关。虽然地位较低的雄性只有有限的交配机会，但它们能够使雌性受精。6)根据年龄和社会地位的不同，雄性对交配对象的选择可分为三种模式。7)从性行为观察推断的亲子关系并不一致匹配的DNA指纹鉴定，特别是在涉及未育女性的情况下。

Paternity in Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) groups has been behaviorally indiscernible because of their multimale group structure and promiscuous mating patterns. Electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins and immunoserological analysis also failed to discriminate paternity because there is little detectable polymorphism. Recently developed DNA fingerprinting techniques employing "minisatellite" hypervariable regions of DNA proved useful for investigating male reproductive success in this macaque. Their mating behavior and the identified paternity in a captive group indicated 1) in the males over than 4 years old, it revealed the possibility of a correlation between male dominance rank and number of offspring, however, social rank do not reflect the number of offsprings among the major three adult males. 2) Inbreeding was avoided within the same maternal lineage, 3) females did not tend to give birth to offspring fathered by the same males during their life, 4) male dominance rank was positively correlated with the number of copulation accompanied by ejaculation, 5) the number of copulations with ejaculation was not correlated with the number of offspring. Although low-ranking males had only limited opportunities for copulation, they were able to inseminate females. 6) The selection of copulation partners by males can be divided into three patterns according to their age and social rank. 7) Paternity inferred from observation of sexual behavior did not consistently match paternity identified by DNA fingerprinting, especially in cases involving primiparous females.