Behavioral Ecology of Paternity in Japanese Macaques Based on Biochemical Analysis of their Paternity

日本猕猴(Macaca Fuscata)群体中的父子关系在行为上是无法辨别的，因为它们的多雌群体结构和混杂交配模式。血液蛋白的电泳分析和免疫血清学分析也未能区分父子关系，因为几乎没有检测到的多态性。最近发展起来的DNA指纹技术利用DNA的“小卫星”高变区，被证明对研究这只猕猴的雄性生殖成功很有用。它们的交配行为和圈养群体中确定的父子关系表明：1)在4岁以上的雄性中，雄性优势地位与后代数量之间可能存在相关性，但社会地位并不能反映三大成年雄性之间的后代数量。2)在同一母系中避免近亲繁殖，3)雌性不倾向于在一生中生育相同雄性的后代，4)雄性优势度与伴随射精的交配次数呈正相关，5)射精交配次数与后代数不相关。虽然地位较低的雄性只有有限的交配机会，但它们能够给雌性授精。6)雄性根据年龄和社会地位的不同，选择交配对象可分为三种模式。7)通过观察性行为推断的亲子关系与DNA指纹鉴定的亲子关系并不一致，特别是在涉及初产女性的情况下。

Paternity in Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) groups has been behaviorally indiscernible because of their multimale group structure and promiscuous mating patterns. Electrophoretic analysis of blood proteins and immunoserological analysis also failed to discriminate paternity because there is little detectable polymorphism. Recently developed DNA fingerprinting techniques employing "minisatellite" hypervariable regions of DNA proved useful for investigating male reproductive success in this macaque. Their mating behavior and the identified paternity in a captive group indicated 1) in the males over than 4 years old, it revealed the possibility of a correlation between male dominance rank and number of offspring, however, social rank do not reflect the number of offsprings among the major three adult males. 2) Inbreeding was avoided within the same maternal lineage, 3) females did not tend to give birth to offspring fathered by the same males during their life, 4) male dominance rank was positively correlated with the number of copulation accompanied by ejaculation, 5) the number of copulations with ejaculation was not correlated with the number of offspring. Although low-ranking males had only limited opportunities for copulation, they were able to inseminate females. 6) The selection of copulation partners by males can be divided into three patterns according to their age and social rank. 7) Paternity inferred from observation of sexual behavior did not consistently match paternity identified by DNA fingerprinting, especially in cases involving primiparous females.