The Making of Soviet Collective Farms 1917-1941

俄国农民公社在土地革命过程中得到恢复和加强，这是苏联当局在20世纪20年代建立集体农庄的前提。俄国公社农民强烈抵制集体农庄，集体农庄是在1928年起集体农庄应优先分配农民公社的良田的政策下出现的。但这一政策未能取得成效，1929年底，在苏联政权组织的强力干预下，以“土地指示”的方法取而代之。此外，1930年的“集体农庄示范法”对农民离开集体农庄规定了禁止性的限制。然而，新生的集体农庄具有一些从农民公社过渡过来的特征。首先，以前的“按人分粮”土地分配原则以集体农庄收成“按人分粮”的形式长期维持。第二，在集体化过程中，作为农民公社内部劳动单位的家庭组，也起了一定的大队作用

The Russian peasant commune which revived and was strengthened in the course of the Agrarian Revolution was the prerequisite upon which the Soviet authorities in the 1920s should aim at the kolkhoz construction. Russian communal peasants strongly resisted kolkhozy, which emerged under the policy that kolkhozy should be given priority in the allotment of good land in the peasant communes from 1928. This policy, however, could not be fruitful, which was replacea at the end of 1929 by the method of "land indication" under the powerful interference of Soviet power organizations."from above" Moreover, prohibitive limitations were set upon the peasants' exodus from kolkhoz by the "artel' model statute" in 1930. Newly-born kolkhoz, however, had some transitional characteristics from the peasant commune. in the first place, former principle of "per-eater" land distribution were maintained for a long period in the form of "per-eater" distribution of kolkhoz harvest. In the second place, the group of households which functioned as a kind of labour unit within the peasant commune played a certain role of brigade in the course of collectivization