Research on shaping for severly handicapped children

1. 重度残疾儿童的治疗与教育调查。对于严重残疾儿童，没有明确的治疗和教育方法，通常是多种方法混合使用。(2)在整个调查过程中证实了手术技术的有效性。重度残疾儿童塑形的理论途径。(1)补强进度和补强选择是关键。(2)比值法比间隔法更有效，且具有更强的抗灭绝能力。(3)总的来说，食物是一种积极的初级强化物。(4)提出了使用感觉刺激的可能性。然而，将一级强化物转化为二级强化物是困难的。(5)由微笑、眼神交流和言语化组成的强化因素是有效的。弱智儿童语言习得的研究。摘要对弱智儿童的语言习得过程进行了实验研究。结果表明，设置适当的训练阶段是非常重要的，自由操作方法是非常有效的。唐氏综合症儿童的治疗和教育。使用华盛顿大学的项目对唐氏综合症儿童进行早期干预，并发现了该项目的效果。但需长期随访以保持疗效。残疾儿童短期强化训练。开展为期一周的残疾儿童集训营，考察其有效性和局限性。

1. Investigation of treatment and education for severely handicapped children.(1)There were no definite methods of treatment and education for the severely handicapped children and usually many kinds of methods were employed together.(2)Effectiveness of operant technique were confirmed throughout this investigation.2. Theoretical approaches of shaping for severely handicapped children.(1)Schedules of reinforcement and choice of reinforcements were essentials.(2)Ratio schedule was more effectiveness than interval schedule and the ratio schedule showed grater resistance to extinciton.(3)In general, foods were useful as a positive primary reinforcer.(4)The possibility of using sensory stimulus was suggested. However, it was difficult to transform a primary reinforcer to secondly reinforcer.(5)The reinforcer consisted of smiling, eyes contact and verbalization was effective.3. Examination of language acquisition of mentally retarded children. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the mentally retarded children's mand acquisition processes. The results suggested that setting up appropriate training phases was very important and the free operant method is quite effective.4. Treatment and education for Down syndrome children. Early stage interventions in Down syndrome children were carried out using University of Washington programme and effects of the programme were found. However, long term follow up should be done to maintain the effects.5. Short term intensive training for handicapped children. One-week intensive training camp for handicapped children was conducted and the efficiency and limitation was examined.