Ethnological Studies on Environmental Exploitation in Mountains - The Nepal Himalays and the Central Andes Compared-

目的与方法首先，研究尼泊尔喜马拉雅地区的开发模式。为此，分别于今年2月和3月在Kachenjunga地区和Langtang山谷开展了实地工作。第二，对尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉与中安第斯山脉的环境开发模式进行了比较。根据我们在尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉和安第斯山脉中部地区的观察，我们的研究结果主要有以下几点：最近对阿尔卑斯山、喜马拉雅山和安第斯山脉等世界不同地区的山区人口进行的比较研究表明，它们在生态适应方面有相似之处。然而，我们发现尼泊尔喜马拉雅山脉和中部安第斯山脉的开采系统存在一些差异。最显著的区别之一是，安第斯农民村庄的经济围绕着开发多个生产区，而尼泊尔喜马拉雅村庄的大多数专门从事有限生产区内的少数活动，同时，在尼泊尔喜马拉雅和中部安第斯山脉，人们注意到与砍伐薪材问题有关的土地使用集约化。据认为，这种土地使用的集约化产生了许多严重后果，如毁林、侵蚀、洪水、滑坡等。由于小农或农民主要集中在偏远的高山地区，他们在购买烹饪燃料和食品加工方面遇到困难。对山区环境开发进行更深入的比较研究将使这一问题更加明朗。

Objectives and MethodsFirst, to study the exploitation pattern in the Nepal Himalayas. In order to do this, field work was carried out in the Kachenjunga area this Februrary and in Langtang valley in March, resepectively. Second, to make a comparison of the environmental exploitation pattern between the Nepal Himalays and the Central Andes. Findings of this research were analyazed in comparison with the data of our several years fieldwork in the central Andes.RESULTSAccording to our observations both in the Nepal Himalayas and in the Central Andes, main points of our findings are as follows. Recent comparative studies of mountain populations in such diverse areas of the world as the Alps, Himalayas, and Andes have demonstrated parallels in ecological adaptaions. However, we found several differences of the exploitation system between the Nepal Himalayas and the Central Andes. One of the most notable differences is that Andean peasant village economies revolve around the exploitation of multiple production zones, whereas most of the Nepal Himalayan villages specialize in few acivitities within a limited production zone.At the same time, both in the Nepal Himalayas and the Central Andes, intensification of land use associated with the problem of fuel wood removal was observed. It is considered that this intensification of land use has had many dramatic consequences, such as deforestation, erosion, floods, lamdslides, etc. Since small farmers or peasants are concentrated mainly in isolated and high mountainous regions, they are struggling with the procurement of cooking fuel and food processing. More intensive and comparative studies on environmental exploitation in mountains will shed more light on this subject.