Comparative Study Concerning the Practice and Legislative Reform of the System of Administrative Remedies in Japan and Germany

1990年和1991年，为了探索日本行政救济制度更有效运作的必要条件，我对日本和德国的法治实际状况进行了问卷调查和实地调查。在这两年里，我在德国的大学、法院、智库、行政机关、政党政策机构等60多个不同类型的机构进行了研究。根据与在日本进行的调查结果的比较，很明显，两国在法治现状及其概念方面存在极端差异。造成这些差异的原因之一可能在于日本法律意识的特殊性，一些观察家已经注意到这一点。然而，据我观察，有更根本的原因具体与行政救济制度有关。特别是，在公务员的教育和培训、行政投诉的行政审查、行政文件的管理、官僚机构的决策等方面，日本的制度和做法与欧美发达国家有很大的不同。在这一主题的框架内，我还对加梅行政救济制度在过去几十年的发展进行了全面的历史研究。在这项研究的过程中，我访问了非常多的机构，收集了相应的大量材料，以至于不可能在规定的两年时间内完成完整的分析。随着我对德国的比较研究的进行，也有必要与其他发达国家，特别是日本的亚洲邻国的行政救济制度进行比较。这也推迟了这个研究项目。然而，在1994年，作为上述研究的一个结果，我写了一篇学术文章，全面概述了这一领域，题为“日本行政救济制度：现状和改革方向”。文章的范围扩展到亚洲其他国家的情况，同时重点分析了日本行政救济制度的危急状态及其原因，并对其改革和完善提出了全面的建议。我计划在未来继续进行日本和德国在这些主题上的比较研究。少

In 1990 and 1991, in order to explore the conditions necessary for the more effective functioning of Japan's system of administrative remedies, I conducted both questionnaire and field surverys concerning the actual state of the rule of law in Japan and Germany. Over those two years, I conducted research at as many as sixty institutions of various types in Germany, including universities, courts, think tanks, administrative organs and political parties policy institutions. Based upon comparison with the results of surveys undertaken in Japan, it became clear that there are extreme differences in the current state of the rule of law, and conceptions thereof, in both countries.One of the reasons for these differences may lie in the special characteristics, which have been noted by some observers, of Japan's legal consciousness generally. It was my observation, however, that there are more fundamental causes related specifically to the system of administrative relief. In particular, syste … More ms and practice in Japan with respect to the education and training of public servants, administrative review of complaints, the management of administrative documents, and the rendering of decisions in the bureaucracy are considerably different from those of the advanced nations of Europe and Amecica.Within the framework of this topic, I also carried out a comprehensivehistorical study of the development of Garmay's system of administrative remedies over the previous several decades.Over the course of this research I visited an extremely large number of institutions and collected a correspondingly large quantity of material, to the extent that it was not possible to complete a full analysis during the allotted two year period. As my comparative study of Germany proceeded, it became necessary also to make comparisons with the systems of administrative remedies of other advanced nations, particularly Japan's Asian neighbors. This also served to delay this research project.In 1994, however, as one result of described research, I wrote a scholarly article which is a comprehensive overview of this area entitled, "The Japanese System of Administrative Remedies : Its Current State and Directions for Reform". The scope of the article extends to the situations in other Asian nations, while focussing upon the critical state of Japan's system of administrative remedies and its causes, and offering comprehensive suggestions for its reform and improvement. I plan to continue comparative study between Japan and Germany with respect these topics in future. Less