A Policy Study on the Costs and Payr of the Higher Education in Japan.

日本高等教育的扩张主要是由于私立大学的扩张。因此，高等教育成本对家庭部门的依赖程度越来越大。特别是自1980年以来，家庭的教育支出越来越大。然而，政府加大对高等教育的投入并没有达成社会共识，另一方面，国立大学的性质正逐步向私立大学靠拢。这个方向对吗？虽然对大学改革的意见层出不穷，但对教育费用的改革方案和实际情况有充分了解的讨论却寥寥无几。我们认为研究高等教育的成本是很重要的。因此，在我们的报告中，我们从以下三个角度分析了高等教育成本的实际状况，以找出一些政治影响。谁来承担高等教育的费用？学费由什么决定，如何决定？在实证分析学费变动及其原因的基础上，考虑了学费的政治理念和决策过程。奖学金有助于高等教育机会的平等？除了大学之外，还分析了研究生院。与美国的情况相比，美国的奖学金做出了成功的贡献。不同大学类型的家庭收入差异。大学有多种类型，如政府或私营部门创办的大学，城市或农村的大学，学生的出生地或不家乡的大学等等。这些类型的大学之间的家庭收入的差异是明显的。这一分析结果暗示了家庭收入对大学选择的影响。与此同时，国立大学在高等教育机会平等方面的作用也得到了考虑。最后，根据分析结果，进一步明确了课题。日本的高等教育正处于一个转折点。国立大学、公立大学、私立大学等各部门的功能差别越来越模糊，专业学校、专科大学、大学、研究生院的划分也越来越不固定。因此，传统的高等教育资助方式不再有效。要重新构建新的高等教育体制的资金来源，我们必须重新讨论高等教育的成本由谁来支付，政府对高等教育的支持应该如何进行。少

Higher education in Japan has expanded mainly dues to the extension of the universities founded by private sector. As a consequence, the degree of dependence of higher education costs on ffamily sector have become larger. Especially, since 1980 the educational expenditure on family has been greater and greater. There is, however, no social consensus that the governmental expenditure on the higher education shoul increase, and on the other hand, the character of national universities are getting similar to the private ones step by step. Is this direction right?Opinions for the reforming of universities are now in the boom, but discussion based on the sound understanding of both reforming plans and actual state around educational costs is few.We have thought that it is important to study around the costs of higher education. So, in our report the actual state of the costs of higher education is analyzed from the following three points of view, to find out some political implications on t … More he problem ; who sould bear the costs of the higher education.1.By what and how the tuition fees decided?Besides positive analyzes if the changes of school fees and their causes, poliyical philpsophy and decision-making process of school fees are considered.2.Scholarships contribute to the equality of oppotunities for higher education?In addition to the universities, graduate schools are analyzed. And the cases in U.S.A.is considered in comparison, where Scholarships have contribute successfully.3.The difference of family income between university types.There exisis many types of universities, as founded by government or private sector, locate urban or rural area, lovcate student's native district or not, and so on. The difference of family income between these types of university is distinguished. Results of this analysis implicate us the effect of family income on the choice of university. And, at the same time, the role of the national universities on the equality of oppotunities for higher education is considered.Finally, we clarified further subject based on the findings of our analyzes.The higher education in Japan is now at a turning point. Differences of functions between sections, national, public, and private university, are getting obscure, and the division of professional school, college, university, and graduate school is more unfixed.As a result, the traditional way of funding for the higher education is no more effective. To re-struct ways of funding for new higher education system, we should again discuss who should pay the costs of higher education, how the governmental support for higher education should be. Less