NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR IN ASIA : A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES IN THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICALL AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIES

我们从1995年至1997年对菲律宾电气和电子行业的主要组装制造商、他们的分包商和供应商进行了采访，发现以下情况。我们可以将行业分为家用电器、半导体、计算机外围设备等3到4个子类别。日本跨国公司在家电行业占上风，但一些菲律宾公司可以在这个行业竞争。美国跨国公司在半导体领域占主导地位。日本和台湾的跨国公司在计算机领域的霸主地位。2.半导体的局域含量比最低。计算机外设的比例正在上升，但当地供应的大部分是日本产品。3.部分家电产品国产化率较高，但重要零部件全部进口。一些塑料和金属零件是从菲律宾供应商那里采购的。4.菲律宾供应商的增长率低于大型组装制造商的增长率。主要原因是由于缺乏技术和资金，大多数菲律宾供应商无法提供精密的塑料和金属部件。5.配套产业的技术转移可能有两种方式。一个来自他们的客户，另一个来自外国供应商。技术越精准越高，技术转移的难度就越大。6.技术转移和形成的核心是培养菲律宾工程师和技术人员。为了培养他们，除了预防公司的努力外，还需要公共培训中心等公众的支持。如果菲律宾只是照搬日本的经验，由于两国的经济和社会制度不同，不会带来丰硕的成果。

We found the followings from our interviews with the main assembly makers, their subcontractors and suppliers in the Philippine electrical and electronics industries, which were conducted since 1995 until 1997.1.We can classify the industries into 3 or 4 sub categories such as home appliances, semi-conductor, computer peripherals and the other. Japanese MNCs prevail in the home appliances but some Filipino corporations can compete in this industry. US MNCs prevail in the semi-conductors. Japanese and Taiwanese MNCs previl in the computer phripherals. 2.The local content ratio of semi-conductor is the lowest among them. The ratio of computer peripherals is increasing but the most local supplies are Japanese. 3.The local content ratio of some items of home appliances is relatively high but all the important components are imported. Some kinds of plastic and metal parts are sourced from the Filipino suppliers. 4.The growth rate of the Filipino suppliers is lower than the growth rate of big assembly makers. The main reason is the most Filipino suppliers can not supply precise plastic and metal parts because of the lack of the technology and capital. 5.There might be two ways of the technology transfer in the supporting industries. One comes from their customers and the other from the foreign suppliers. The more precise and high the technology is, the more difficult the technology transfer becomes. 6.The core of technology transfer and formation is the fostering the Filipino engineers and technicians. In order to foster them, there are needed the public support such as of the public training center aside from the effort of prevate companies. If the Philippines will just follow the Japanese experiences, it will no bring the fruitful resullt because of the different economic and social system between them.