NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR IN ASIA : A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES IN THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICALL AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIES

从1995年到1997年，我们对菲律宾电器和电子行业的主要组装制造商、分包商和供应商进行了访谈，发现了以下几点：1.我们可以将行业分为3或4个小类，如家用电器、半导体、计算机外围设备和其他。日本跨国公司在家用电器领域占主导地位，但一些菲律宾公司可以在这个行业竞争。美国跨国公司在半导体行业占主导地位。日本和台湾的跨国公司在计算机领域占有一席之地。2.其中半导体的局部含量最低。计算机外围设备的比例正在增加，但大多数本地供应商是日本人。3.部分家电产品国产化率较高，但重要零部件全部进口。某些种类的塑料和金属零件来自菲律宾供应商。4.菲律宾供应商的增长率低于大型组装制造商的增长率。主要原因是由于缺乏技术和资金，大多数菲律宾供应商无法提供精密的塑料和金属零件。5.支持产业的技术转移可能有两种方式。一个来自客户，另一个来自国外供应商。技术越精密、越高，技术转让就越困难。6.技术转移和形成的核心是培养菲律宾工程技术人员。为了培养他们，除了企业的努力之外，还需要公共培训中心等公共支持。由于菲律宾与日本的经济社会制度不同，如果菲律宾只是照搬日本的经验，将不会取得丰硕的成果。

We found the followings from our interviews with the main assembly makers, their subcontractors and suppliers in the Philippine electrical and electronics industries, which were conducted since 1995 until 1997.1.We can classify the industries into 3 or 4 sub categories such as home appliances, semi-conductor, computer peripherals and the other. Japanese MNCs prevail in the home appliances but some Filipino corporations can compete in this industry. US MNCs prevail in the semi-conductors. Japanese and Taiwanese MNCs previl in the computer phripherals. 2.The local content ratio of semi-conductor is the lowest among them. The ratio of computer peripherals is increasing but the most local supplies are Japanese. 3.The local content ratio of some items of home appliances is relatively high but all the important components are imported. Some kinds of plastic and metal parts are sourced from the Filipino suppliers. 4.The growth rate of the Filipino suppliers is lower than the growth rate of big assembly makers. The main reason is the most Filipino suppliers can not supply precise plastic and metal parts because of the lack of the technology and capital. 5.There might be two ways of the technology transfer in the supporting industries. One comes from their customers and the other from the foreign suppliers. The more precise and high the technology is, the more difficult the technology transfer becomes. 6.The core of technology transfer and formation is the fostering the Filipino engineers and technicians. In order to foster them, there are needed the public support such as of the public training center aside from the effort of prevate companies. If the Philippines will just follow the Japanese experiences, it will no bring the fruitful resullt because of the different economic and social system between them.