A Comprehensive Study on the Contemporary Structures and Practical Measures for School Refusal Phenomenon

本研究的目的是分析当代拒学现象的结构，并从多层面的角度审视一些实践。本报告由第一部分和第二部分组成。第一部分对“拒学问题”的历史进行了探讨，并描述了其现代特征。主要研究结果如下：1.在明治时代初期，当现代教育制度已经发展起来时，拒绝上学往往被视为有问题的，因为没有上学的人既不能被视为社会经济赢家，也不能为训练有素的孩子接受教育。从精神病学等现代认识论的角度对拒学现象进行了解读和分析，我们可以发现，自20世纪50年代以来，长期的思维习惯将拒学现象解释为某种个体疾病。长期以来，儿童的声音一直被忽视，主导的观点仍然是操纵和机械的观点。然而，一些学校试图重建传统的学校文化，导致缺勤率下降。通过对一些非公共设施的民族志研究，可以发现巨大的变化(例如，可用空间)。尊重儿童福祉和反映成人生活方式的做法可以给我们带来一些卓有成效的、根本性的变化。

The purpose of this study is to analyze the contemporary structures of school refusal phenomenon and examine some practices from multiphasic viewpoints. The report is composed of Part I and Part II.In Part I, the history of 'school refusal problems' is explored and its modern features are described. The major findings are pointed out as follows :1. In the beginning of Meiji Era, when modern educational system has been developed, school refusal tended to be treated as problematic, as non-attendants could neither be tracked as socio-economic winner nor be educated for well-disciplined children.2. School refusal has been interpreted and analyzed through modern episteme such as psychiatry and we can find long-term habits of thinking that have interpreted the phenomena as some kinds of individual disease since 1950's.3. The voices of children has been ignored for a long time and dominant views remained to be manipulative and mechanical ones.4. However, some schools are trying to reconstruct conventional school cultures and results in the decline of non-attendance rates.5. A drastic changes can be found through an ethnographic study of some non-public facilities (ex. free space). The practices that respect children's well-being and reflect adult's way of life could bring us some fruitful and radical changes.