A Comprehensive Study on the Contemporary Structures and Practical Measures for School Refusal Phenomenon

本研究的目的是分析当代拒绝上学现象的结构，并从多个角度审视一些做法。本报告由第一部分和第二部分组成。第一部分探讨了“拒绝入学问题”的历史，并描述了其现代特征。主要研究结果如下：1.在明治初期，现代教育制度已经发展起来，拒绝上学往往被视为一个问题，因为不上学既不能被视为社会经济的赢家，也不能被教育为纪律严明的孩子。学校拒绝已经被解释和分析，通过现代知识，如精神病学，我们可以找到长期的思维习惯，解释的现象，作为某种个别疾病，自20世纪50年代以来。长期以来，儿童的声音被忽视，主流观点仍然是操纵性和机械性的。然而，一些学校正试图重建传统的学校文化，导致缺课率下降。通过对一些非公共设施的民族志研究，可以发现一个巨大的变化。自由空间）。尊重儿童福祉和反映成人生活方式的做法可以给我们带来一些富有成效的根本性变化。

The purpose of this study is to analyze the contemporary structures of school refusal phenomenon and examine some practices from multiphasic viewpoints. The report is composed of Part I and Part II.In Part I, the history of 'school refusal problems' is explored and its modern features are described. The major findings are pointed out as follows :1. In the beginning of Meiji Era, when modern educational system has been developed, school refusal tended to be treated as problematic, as non-attendants could neither be tracked as socio-economic winner nor be educated for well-disciplined children.2. School refusal has been interpreted and analyzed through modern episteme such as psychiatry and we can find long-term habits of thinking that have interpreted the phenomena as some kinds of individual disease since 1950's.3. The voices of children has been ignored for a long time and dominant views remained to be manipulative and mechanical ones.4. However, some schools are trying to reconstruct conventional school cultures and results in the decline of non-attendance rates.5. A drastic changes can be found through an ethnographic study of some non-public facilities (ex. free space). The practices that respect children's well-being and reflect adult's way of life could bring us some fruitful and radical changes.