Comparative study of basic design of central nervous system

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(1) In the crayfish, compensatory movements for mediating the eyestalk in a constant position with reference to space are mediated in a redundant fashion by nonspiking giant interneurons which receive proprioceptive inputs as well as visual and geotactic inputs (Yamaguchi). (2) It was found that the structural characteristics of the mushroom body in insects is similar to those of modular structure found in the cerebral cortex of vertebrates (Mizunami). (3) The flip-flopping activity generated in the brain is correlated with the instruction of the zigzag turning during the pheromone-mediated walking of Bombyx mori (Kanzaki). (4) In Japanese quail chicks, the chick crowing changed to the distress call by application of testosterone to the dorso-medial tegmental area in the brain (Aoki). (5) In the chiton and side-gilled slug, the structural changes of CNS during development were analyzed (Kuwasawa). (6) Long-term potentiation was found in the synapses between mitral cells and granule cel … More ls in the olfactory bulb of salmon (Satou). (7) About 80 bioactive peptides were isolated from various animals (coelenterates, annelids, molluscs, etc.) and their structure and action were analyzed and discussed in the comparative aspects (Muneoka). (8) Relating to the neural mechanism of feature detection in the optic tectum of frog, the spatio-temporal receptive fields of synaptic potentials and the neuronal organization in the optic tectum were elucidated by analyzing the field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation to the optic nerve (Matsunoto). (9) Learning experiments showed that the wasp memorizes easily the total geography and spatial characters of feeding area in detail, and orients the feeding area by using a predicted navigation (Toh). (10) Various types of sensilla including hygroreceptive sensilla on the antenna of the adult firefly, Lucicola cruciata were identified and characterized (Tominaga). (11) It was found that in Hydra magnipopillata, the nerve ring is not essential not for mediating the feeding behavior, but rather for inhibiting the feeding behavior as a result of the plenitude (Koizumi). Less