Descriptive and Theoretical Studies on Linguistic Universals and Particulars

由于本研究项目有10名研究人员，专门研究日语、韩语、汉语、德语、法语、英语和瑞典语等多种语言，因此研究结果也是多样化和广泛的。总结其中的一些，主要集中在那些来自研究领导人的研究，一个新的语言类型学已经提出了关于所谓的结果表达，基于对日语，韩语，法语和英语等语言的比较分析（参见东亚语言学杂志6，1 -49（美国）。和Ohak Yongu 33（韩国））。一位研究成员对这一建议进行了严格的审查，他建议根据一些有趣的跨语言数据，包括来自德语和荷兰语的数据，进行另一种分析（参见《研究报告》，第63 -80页）。该研究负责人还就日语、韩语、法语和英语等语言中的被动和致使表达的良好形式条件提出了理论建议（参见《语态的比较语言学研究》，《三书社》，第1 -66页，《语态和体》，《宪久社》）。另一位研究者也对汉语中的类似现象进行了研究，他发现汉语也可以用类似的方式进行分析，尽管它有一些特殊的性质需要进一步研究（参见《语音的比较语言学研究》，三书沙，第100页）。133-160）。另一位研究人员，在德语和英语中研究所谓的非对称性，他观察到德语中反身动词和不及物动词的使用是有语义条件的（Sprachtheorie und germanistische Linguistik 3，pp. 716）。还有一位研究人员研究了德语和瑞典语中所谓的“完成体”结构，并观察到它们很可能是普通分词结构的一个特例（研究报告，第100页）。111-140和Sprachwissenschaft 22，pp. 287-307）。

Since the present research project has ten research members, specializing in such diverse languages as Japanese, Korean, Chinese, German, French, English and Swedish, the research results are accordingly diverse and wide-ranging. To summarize some of them, focusing mainly on those derived from the research by the research leader, a new typology of languages has been proposed with respect to the so-called resultative expressions, based on the comparative analysis of such languages as Japanese, Korean, French and English (cf.Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6,1-49 (U.S.A.) and Ohak Yongu 33 (Korea) ). This proposal has been critically examined by one of the research members, who suggests an alternative analysis based on some interesting cross-linguistic data including those from German and Dutch (cf.Research Report, pp.63-80). The research leader also made a theoretical proposal concerning the conditions on well-formedness of passive and causative expressions in such languages as Japanese, Korean, French and English (cf.A Comparative Linguistic Study of Voice, Sanshusha, pp.1-66, and Voice and Aspect, Kenkyusha). Another research member has investigated similar phenomena in Chinese, and observed that Chinese can also be analyzed in a similar fashion though it has some specific properties that need to be further investigated (cf.A Comparative Linguistic Study of Voice, Sanshusha, pp. 133-160). Another research member, working on the so-called unaccusativity in German and English, has observed that the uses of reflexive verbs and intransitive verbs in German are semantically conditioned (Sprachtheorie und germanistische Linguistik 3, pp. 716). Still another research member investigated the so-called "perfective" constructions in German and Swedish, and observed that they may well be a special case of the ordinary participle construction (Research Report, pp. 111-140 and Sprachwissenschaft 22, pp. 287-307).