Geneter in the modernization processes and works

德国和日本纺织业的最大区别在于男女比例。与80%为女性的日本劳动力形成鲜明对比的是，德国劳动力在很长一段时间内一直低于50%。尤其是在纺织工人中，女性与男性的比例只有30%。为了阐明造成这种差异的原因，本文关注了从原始工业化时期到近代的纺织业，以及赋予纺织作品的性别意义。在德国，家庭纺织业作为个体农户的一项副业，发展成为所有家庭成员完成的主要工作。相比之下，在日本，它仍然只是一份为家庭经济做出贡献的女性副业。德国的家庭业采取手工艺与某种职业认证相结合的形式，或者是以女性和儿童为助手的男性化工作组织。在日本，有专业的女编织工，但她们的工作并不是一个既定的职业。机械化的时间和新技术的引入取决于工作的性别特征是男性还是女性。本文的下一部分通过分析制定劳动法过程中的话语来关注劳动力是如何产生的。在德国和日本，必须受到保护的女性和不需要保护的男性之间的差异是建立起来的，即身体虚弱/坚强，意志/团结精神薄弱，依赖和无知/独立，家务/技能和技术，民族之母/军人。由于这种分化，国家对妇女身体和道德的干预被合法化。工厂法有助于界定适合于民族国家和现代工业化时代的性别，并有助于产生国家、社会、经济和工作秩序。

The big difference between German and Japanese textile industries is the ratio of men to women. In contrast to the Japanese workforce of which 80% is women, the Germany one has remained for a long time less than 50%. Especially among weavers, the percentage of women to men constituted only 30%.In order to clarify the causes of disparity, this paper focuses on the textile industry from the period of proto industrialization to modern times and the gendered meaning given to textile works. In Germany the domestic textile industry as a side business of individual farmer households developed into the main work done by all family members. By contrast, in Japan, it remained solely a female side job which contributed to the family economy. The German domestic industry took the form of handycrafts combined with a certain occupational certification, or it was organized as a masculinized work with females and children as assistants. In Japan, there were expert female weavers, but they didn't do their work as an established profession. The time of mechanization and the introduction of new technology depended on whether or not the gendered character of the work was male or female.In the next part of this paper focuses on how labor forces were engendered through analyzing discourses in the process of enacting factory laws. Both in Germany and Japan the differences between women, who had to be protected, and men, who had no necessity of protection, were constructed, i.e.physically weak/strong, weak will/sprit of unity, dependant and ignorant/independent, housework/skill and technique, mother of nation/solider. As the result of this differentiation, state intervention into women's body and morals was legitimatized. The factory laws contributed to defining a gender suitable in the age of nation state and modern industrialization and helped to create engendered state, social, economic and working orders.