A formation of nation-state and social politics in nineteenth-century Germany

德国的社会保险，尤其是1883年的疾病保险和1884年的意外事故保险，可以被解释为试图建立一种新的社会关系，以恢复失去的和谐。社会保险制度是建立在自治原则的基础上的。Gemeinschaft（共同体）是在“地位”和“公司”消失后的一种实际补偿，但Gemeinschft的定义不同，甚至是群体性的。社会保守主义将共同体定义为父系的社会关系。在共同体中，一派社会保守主义看到了机会，失落的地方职业结构化家长主义得以重新建构。对另一派而言，在国家的庇护下实现民族共同体可以确保社会的稳定;对社会自由主义者而言，共同体是实现经济和思想独立的场所。从这些角度来看，他们是工会自由的热心保护者。在工会中，他们看到了谈判的工具和在一个国家中产生对等的手段。1883年和1884年通过的法律是两个社会保守主义集团之间的政治妥协。然而，随着时间的推移，对法律的自由解释以牺牲社会保守观念为代价而获得了接受。通过他们的实践，自治成为社会自由主义的一种表现形式。范式的转换确定了德意志民族国家的社会生活秩序。

The social insurances in Germany, above all the sickness insurance (1883) and the accident insurance (1884) can be interpreted as an attempt to made a new social tie that is able to restore the lost harmony.Institutions of the social insurances are based on the principle of self-government that is gemeinschaftlich (communally) developed. Gemeinschaft (community) is an actual compensation after disappearance of Stande (estates) and corporation.However Gemeinschft was differently defined and even in groups. The social conservatism defined Gemeinschaft as paternal social relations. In Gemeinschaft one group of the social conservatism saw a chance, the lost local-vocational structuralized paternalism again to construct. For another group, a realization of national Gemeinschaft under a patronage of state could secure a social stableness.For the social liberalism, Gemeinschaft was a place to attain an economical and intellectual independent. From these perspectives, they were zealous protectors of a trade union' freedom. In trade unions they saw instruments of negotiations and means to produce an equivalence in a state.The laws passed 1883 and 1884 were a political compromise between the two groups of the social conservatism. In the course of time, however, a liberal interpretation of the laws is gained acceptance at sacrifice of the social conservative concepts. Through their praxis, self-government became an expression-form of the social liberalism. An exchange of the paradigm fixed an order of social life in German nation-state.