权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Wealth Accumulation and Enterpreneur-ship in Japanese Households

日本家庭的财富积累与创业精神

基本信息

批准号：
09630031
负责人：
GENDA Yuji
金额：
$ 1.92万
依托单位：
Gakushuin University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1997
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1997 至 1998
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-09630031/
关键词：
Self-employment wealth accumulation income distribution 所得文配

项目摘要

Self-employed workers have been decreasing in Japan since the 1980s. We research the reasons for the decrease using micro data of the Family Expenditure Survey 1989 and 1994. There are two important conditions for becoming self-employed ; one is the accumulation of experience and intensity of riskattitude by aging, that is called the aging effect, and the other is liquidity constraints in capital market, that is the wealth effect : We empirically examine how these two effects contributed to declining the self-employment rates from 1989 to 1994. We found as the results that the aging effect accounted for a little less than 40% of its decline and almost 20% could be explained by the wealth effect. And we also attempt to find the facts of income accumulation among self-employed households, estimating the earnings function of self-employment. Then, in order to control for sample selection bias, we estimate it using the Heckman's estimation model. The results show that the age of households tend to increase earnings through accumulation of experience and know-how. However, the income increase with aging was clearly weakened from 1989 to 1994, strengthening the risk-averse attitude. And it can be convinced that marginal return of wealth accumulation for earnings was positive, and the earning differentials by wealth have been growing among the self-employed. The liquidity constraint that has been getting tight has worsened the self-employed income distribution, so that it has becoming much more difficult to open business and continue to self-employment. These findings indicate that the current Japanese economy have been moving toward the "rentier" economy that John Maynard Keynes worried about the British economy in the past.

自20世纪80年代以来，日本的自营职业者一直在减少。我们使用1989年和1994年家庭支出调查的微观数据来研究下降的原因。自雇的形成有两个重要条件：一是老龄化带来的经验积累和风险态度强度，即老龄化效应;二是资本市场的流动性约束，即财富效应。本文实证检验了1989 - 1994年间这两种效应对自雇率下降的影响。结果发现，老龄化效应占其下降的不到40%，近20%可以由财富效应解释。同时，我们也试图发现个体户收入积累的事实，估计个体户的收入函数。然后，为了控制样本选择偏差，我们使用Heckman估计模型对其进行估计。结果表明，住户年龄越大，往往会通过积累经验和专门知识来增加收入。但是，1989年至1994年，随着老龄化而增加的收入明显减弱，加强了规避风险的态度。可以确信的是，财富积累对收入的边际回报是正的，财富的收入差异在自营职业者中一直在扩大。流动性紧缩恶化了自营职业者的收入分配，因此，开办企业和继续自营职业变得更加困难。这些发现表明，日本经济正在向凯恩斯曾经担心的英国经济的“食利者”经济发展。