The Inter-enterprise Relationship and Competitive Strategy in the Electronics Industry : A case study of the vacuum tube business during the interwar period

(1)获得通用电气授予朗尼尔硬灯泡专利的东京电力公司的策略是阻止其他真空管制造商的进入。这一战略取得了成功，东京电力公司得以在20世纪20年代后半期享受到真空管业务增长的好处。此外，东京电力公司和日本电力公司于1926年签订了决定日本电力公司放弃生产硬灯泡的协议。该协议类似于1925年美国无线电集团和电话集团之间的协议。(2) 20世纪30年代，日本电力公司大举进入真空管市场，因为东京电力公司授予日本电力公司使用langnuir专利的权利。东京电力公司改变朗缪尔专利政策的原因尚不清楚。日本电力公司（Nippon electric Co.）并不打算使用Langnvir专利制造真空管，因为在日本，Langmuir专利的截止日期从1930年延长到了1935年。另一方面，在美国，通用电气公司和东京电力公司的附属公司RCA改变了在反垄断法的影响下，他们只享有自己的专利的政策。综上所述，外国公司战略的变化对东京电力公司与日本公司之间的专利协议产生了影响。(3)日中战争后，由于真空管需求的快速增长，东京电力公司的市场份额呈下降趋势。东京电力公司（Tokyo Electric Co.）在军事强制下向日本企业授予专利和技术。这种战时技术转移奠定了战后电子企业的基础。

(1) The Strategy of Tokyo Electric Co. , which was granted the Langniuir hard bulb patent by General Electric Co. , was to stop the entries of the other vacuum tube manufacturers. The strategy was successful, and Tokyo Electric Co. was able to enjoy the benefits of the vacuum tube business growing in the latter half of 1920s. Furthermore, the agreement between Tokyo Electric Co. and Nippon Electric Co. , which decided Nippon Electric Co. to abandon the production of hard bulbs, was concluded in 1926. The agreement was similar to the U.S.agreement between the radio group and the telephone group in 1925.(2) In the 1930s Nippon Electric Co. entered into the vacuum tube market aggressively, because Tokyo Electric Co. granted Nippon Electric Co. the right to use the Langrnuir patent. The reason why Tokyo Electric Co. changed the policy on the Langmuir patent is not clear. Nippon electric Co. did not intend to make vacuum tubes using the Langnvir patent, because the deadline of the Langmuir patent was extended from 1930 to 1935 in Japan. On the other hand in U.S.A.General Electric Co. and RCA, affiliated with Tokyo Electric Co. , were changing the policy that they enjoyed their own patents exclusively under the effects of the anti-monopoly law. In conclusion the change of the foreign companies' strategy effected on the patent agreement between Tokyo Electric Co. and Japanese companies.(3) The market share of Tokyo Electric Co. tend to decline after The Japan-China War under the rapid increase of vacuum tube demand. Tokyo Electric Co. granted patents and know-how to Japanese companies under the military compulsion. This wartime technology transfer laid the foundation of the electronics enterprises in the postwar period.