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Studies on methods to evaluate the viability of wildlife populations

野生动物种群生存能力评价方法研究

基本信息

批准号：
08458168
负责人：
TSUBAKI Yoshitaka
金额：
$ 4.1万
依托单位：
National Institute for Environmental Studies
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1996
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1996 至 1998
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In the process of population decrease, populations may suffer a significant genetic deterioration, namely a decrease in genetic variability, which may lead to a corresponding decrease in fitness (survival and reproduction). As Fitness can often be measured as fluctuating asymmetry (FA), we analyzed FA in relation to various fitness-related characters, such as survival, growth rate, territoriality and/or reproductive success in several animals. We found negative correlation between mating success and FA in insects including dragonflies, butterflies and midges. FA measurements on several passerine birds revealed that population density and the distribution ranges were negatively correlated with population mean of FA.Males of the damselfly Mnais costalis (Odonata : Calopterygidae) are morphologically and behaviourally polymorphic, typically existing as clear-winged non-territorial 'sneaks' and orange-winged territorial 'fighters'. The amount of orange pigment in the wing, as measured with a chromameter, varied between individuals and decreased as the reproductive season progressed. Young individuals maintained in the laboratory on high and low nutrient diets differed in the amount of pigment that developed in the wing. Males in the high nutrient group developed darker wings faster than those in the low nutrient group. Young adults of both sexes and morpha were fed ^<14>C radiolabelled tryptophan or tyrosine (precursors of the pigments ommochrome and melanin respectively). Ommochrome was restricted to the pseudopterostigma of the males of both morphs and was not present in females. The presence of tyrosine in the wing cells of orange males but not of clear males indicated that the orange pigment is at least partly constituted from melanin. These data show that at least some pigment levels must be continuously maintained in the wings of orange males, and that maintainance is costly since it is compromised at low nutrient levels.

在种群减少的过程中，种群可能发生显著的遗传退化，即遗传变异性降低，这可能导致适应度（生存和繁殖）相应降低。由于健身往往可以衡量波动的不对称性（FA），我们分析了FA与各种健身相关的字符，如生存，生长速度，领土和/或繁殖成功的几种动物。在蜻蜓、蝴蝶和蠓等昆虫中，交配成功率与FA呈负相关。几个雀形目鸟类的FA测量结果显示，人口密度和分布范围呈负相关，与人口平均FA。男性的豆娘Mnais costalis（蜻蜓目：Calopalidae）的形态和行为的多态性，通常存在明确的翅膀非领土的“潜行者”和橙色翅膀的领土“捕食者”。翅膀中的橙子色素的量，与chromoprostol测量，个体之间的变化和减少生殖季节的进展。在实验室中维持高营养和低营养饮食的年轻个体在翅膀中发育的色素量不同。高营养组的雄性比低营养组的雄性翅膀更快地发育为深色。雄性和雌性的年轻成虫都被喂食了14 <14>C放射性标记的色氨酸或酪氨酸（分别是色素和黑色素的前体）。Ommochrome仅限于这两个变种的男性的pseudopterostigma，并不存在于女性。在橙子雄鸟的翅细胞中存在酪氨酸，而在透明雄鸟的翅细胞中不存在酪氨酸，这表明橙子色素至少部分由黑色素构成。这些数据表明，橙子雄鸟的翅膀中至少必须持续保持一定的色素水平，而这种色素水平是昂贵的，因为它在低营养水平下会受到损害。