Peasants and Agriculture under the Second World War Period

第二次世界大战时期的农民与农业

• 批准号: 11660219
• 负责人: NODA Kimio
• 金额: $ 1.79万
• 依托单位: KYOTO UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1999 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11660219/
• 关键词: Nouji-jikkokumiai; nouka-kokumiai; hamlet; The Second World War Period; New organization of Japanese Agriculture; 農業団体法; 農業会; 皇国農村確立運動; 食糧増産政策; 標準農村; 農業國; 皇國農村確立運動; 食料増産政策; 農業生産統制令

NOUKA-KOKUMIAI, a kind of peasants co-operatives established in Taisyo-era based on hamlets had a function to create a more progressive agricultural system. These had many valuable experiences to reorganize Japanese agricultural structure depending on peasant's and regional interests. But NOUJI-JIKKOUKUMIAI, which were formed by reorganizing NOUKA-KOKUMIAI in the Second World-war Period, had no such function. This was just a control-association without spontaneity. It's necessary to make clear the difference of these two peasants co-operatives in Pre-war Period. This is the first point of the research.Hamlets which were mainly villages in Japanese pre-modern era(Edo-era) maintained the character as community still in modern era. The government in the Second World-war make much of hamlet's power to control peasants and to mitigate conflicts due to the lack of manpower and materials. The administrators considered hamlets as self-sustainable unit. But at the last stage of the Second World … More -war, many hamlets became unable to be act as self-sustainable unit, so the Government were obliged to reconstruct them in larger area, village level or inter-village level and prefecture level or inter-prefecture level in some cases. In the Second World-war Period, we found hamlet's limitations as well as the ability to organize agriculture. This is the second point.For Japanese peasants, farmland is not only farmland where they cultivate but also a special property inherited from ancestors and a kind of symbol of their social status. So, farmland-property and peasants are combined very strongly. This is one of the biggest reason why it is very difficult to reorganize Japanese agriculture. But the Second World-war was "the total war" which needed to reconstruct all of the old systems to establish new systems which was indispensable for huge-production. As shown at 2), in this period, a lot of manpower and materials were separated once, and recombined in a new way. It's a valuable experience which offered many hints to reorganize Japanese agriculture, even if these were done under extraordinary situation as "total-war-structure ". This is the third point. Less

农村（NOUKA-KOKUMIAI）是在太古时代建立的一种以村庄为基础的农民合作社，它的作用是创造一种更先进的农业体系。这为日本根据农民利益和地区利益重组农业结构提供了许多宝贵的经验。但在第二次世界大战期间由“NOUKA-KOKUMIAI”重组而成的“NOUJI-JIKKOUKUMIAI”却没有这样的功能。这只是一种没有自发性的控制联想。有必要厘清战前这两种农民合作社的区别。这是研究的第一点。日本前近代（江户时代）以村落为主的“小村”在近代仍保持着社区的性质。第二次世界大战期间，由于缺乏人力物力，政府充分利用了哈姆雷特控制农民和缓和冲突的力量。管理者认为村庄是一个自我维持的单位。但在第二次世界大战的最后阶段，许多村庄无法作为一个自我维持的单位，因此政府不得不在更大的范围内重建它们，村一级或村间一级，在某些情况下在州一级或州间一级。在第二次世界大战时期，我们发现了哈姆雷特的局限性以及组织农业的能力。这是第二点。对于日本农民来说，农地不仅是他们耕种的农田，也是他们从祖先那里继承下来的一种特殊财产，是他们社会地位的一种象征。因此，农地所有权和农民是紧密结合的。这是重组日本农业非常困难的最大原因之一。但第二次世界大战是“全面战争”，需要重建所有旧系统，建立大规模生产所必需的新系统。如图2)所示，在这一时期，大量的人力和物力被一次分离，又以一种新的方式重组。这是一个宝贵的经验，为重组日本农业提供了许多启示，即使这些是在“全面战争结构”的特殊情况下进行的。这是第三点。少