Peasants and Agriculture under the Second World War Period

NOUKA-KOKUMIAI是大同时代建立在村落基础上的一种农民合作社，其功能是创造更进步的农业制度。这些都为日本以农民利益和地区利益为导向的农业结构调整提供了宝贵的经验。但是，在第二次世界大战期间通过重新组织NOUKA-KOKUMIAI而形成的NOUJI-JIKKOUKUMIAI没有这样的功能。这只是一种控制联想，没有自发性。有必要弄清楚这两个农民合作社在战前时期的区别。这是研究的第一点。日本前近代(江户时代)的哈姆雷特主要是村落，在近代仍保持着社区的特征。第二次世界大战期间，政府充分利用哈姆雷特的权力来控制农民，缓解由于缺乏人力和物资而发生的冲突。管理人员认为哈姆雷特是一个自给自足的单位。但在第二届世界…的最后阶段在更多的战争中，许多村庄变得无法作为自给自足的单位，因此政府有义务在更大的区域、村级或村际一级以及在某些情况下县一级或县间一级对其进行重建。在第二次世界大战期间，我们发现了哈姆雷特的局限性以及组织农业的能力。这是第二点。对日本农民来说，农田不仅是他们耕种的农田，而且是从祖先那里继承下来的特殊财产，是他们社会地位的一种象征。因此，农地资产与农民紧密结合在一起。这是重组日本农业非常困难的最大原因之一。但第二次世界大战是一场“全面战争”，它需要重建所有的旧制度，以建立对大规模生产不可或缺的新制度。如图2)所示，在这一时期，大量的人力和物资被一次分离，并以一种新的方式重组。这是一次宝贵的经验，为日本农业的重组提供了许多启示，即使这些是在非常情况下作为“全面战争结构”进行的。这是第三点。较少

NOUKA-KOKUMIAI, a kind of peasants co-operatives established in Taisyo-era based on hamlets had a function to create a more progressive agricultural system. These had many valuable experiences to reorganize Japanese agricultural structure depending on peasant's and regional interests. But NOUJI-JIKKOUKUMIAI, which were formed by reorganizing NOUKA-KOKUMIAI in the Second World-war Period, had no such function. This was just a control-association without spontaneity. It's necessary to make clear the difference of these two peasants co-operatives in Pre-war Period. This is the first point of the research.Hamlets which were mainly villages in Japanese pre-modern era(Edo-era) maintained the character as community still in modern era. The government in the Second World-war make much of hamlet's power to control peasants and to mitigate conflicts due to the lack of manpower and materials. The administrators considered hamlets as self-sustainable unit. But at the last stage of the Second World … More -war, many hamlets became unable to be act as self-sustainable unit, so the Government were obliged to reconstruct them in larger area, village level or inter-village level and prefecture level or inter-prefecture level in some cases. In the Second World-war Period, we found hamlet's limitations as well as the ability to organize agriculture. This is the second point.For Japanese peasants, farmland is not only farmland where they cultivate but also a special property inherited from ancestors and a kind of symbol of their social status. So, farmland-property and peasants are combined very strongly. This is one of the biggest reason why it is very difficult to reorganize Japanese agriculture. But the Second World-war was "the total war" which needed to reconstruct all of the old systems to establish new systems which was indispensable for huge-production. As shown at 2), in this period, a lot of manpower and materials were separated once, and recombined in a new way. It's a valuable experience which offered many hints to reorganize Japanese agriculture, even if these were done under extraordinary situation as "total-war-structure ". This is the third point. Less