A Study on Communication Structure of Maternal Teasing Games and Their Infants' Developmental Term Hard to Express Laughter.

在日常生活中，妈妈们经常用逗趣的游戏来逗孩子们笑。在这个项目中，研究了两个问题。首先，为什么这些游戏能成功地唤起婴儿的笑声？因为他们参与了元沟通？第二，有没有一种情况是，即使母亲的游戏能有效地唤起婴儿的笑声，但婴儿的笑声却被抑制了？然后，在第一年的后半段，婴儿对母亲的行为做出反应的笑声频率通过“视频日记”来观察，母亲在家里自己录制了他们与婴儿的互动。从6个月到12个月和15个月的20对母子纵向参与。从收集的录像带中，识别出包括儿童笑声或痛苦在内的五秒时间片段。然后将基准点前后45秒的时间序列定义为一个事件。结果表明，婴儿在6月龄时的频繁笑减少了1个月，8月龄时的痛苦急剧增加，但在9月龄后，频繁笑减少，合作反应增加。因此，这8个月的痛苦被解释为由于儿童表达任性意图的能力快速发展，需要重新协调母子互动。作为下一阶段的数据分析，根据孩子的笑声和痛苦的比例，以及母亲的情绪表达和假装的比例，将母子二人组分为协调组和不协调组。然后，比较两组母亲在孩子笑或痛苦之前的行为模式。结果显示，CG组的母亲比UG组的母亲更经常使用从字面到假装的波动动作，反之亦然，而UG组的母亲则更经常使用字面上的恒定动作。这一发现表明，母亲的逗弄游戏可以让婴儿发笑，因为它们不是通过“元”交流重新解释的，而是由这种波动模式组成的。少

Mothers often employ teasing games to make their babies laugh in every-day situations. In this project, two questions were studied. First, why those games can evoke laughter from babies successfully? Because they are engaging in meta-communication? Second, is there any term where babies' laughter is suppressed even though mothers' games are effective to evoke them? Then, frequency of babies' laughter reacting to the maternal actions during the later half of the first year was observed by the "video-diary" that mothers video-taped their interactions to the babies at home by themselves. Twenty mother-child dyads participated longitudinally from children's age of month 6 to 12, and 15. From collected videotapes, five-second-time-segments (5sts) including children's laughter or distresses were identified. Then a time-sequence of 4 5sts before and after the base-points were defined as one episode. Results showed a developmental change that frequent laughter at 6 month of age was decreased i … More n the next month, and distress was sharply increased at 8 month, but after 9 month, it was decreased and co-operating reactions were rising. Therefore, this 8-month-distress was interpreted as suggesting that needs of re-coordination of mother-child interaction because of rapid development in children's ability to express willful intentions. As the next stage of data-analysis, mother-child dyads were classified into Coordinated or Uncoordinated Groups by the proportion of children's laughter and distress, and mothers' emotional expressions and pretending. Then, mothers' action patterns antecedent of children's laugh or distress were compared between the groups. Results showed that mothers in CG more often used actions making fluctuation from literal to pretending, or vice versa, than mothers in UG, who rather acted literally in constant. This finding suggests that maternal teasing games can make infants laugh because they are not re-interpreted through "meta" -communication, but because they are consisted of such a fluctuation pattern. Less