Buddhism and Islam as “living religion”. Heinrich Hackmann (1864–1935) and the German-language discourses of his time

佛教和伊斯兰教是“活的宗教”。

• 批准号: 528796793
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Andreas Feldtkeller
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Professur für Religionswissenschaft und Interkulturelle Theologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/528796793?language=en
• 关键词: Buddhism; Islam; living; religion; Heinrich

In the decades around the turn of the 20th century there was a shift in the research discourse on “religion” from a European perspective. In addition to the philological interpretation of traditions, more empirical research of contemporary practice was undertaken, and “religion” was conceived as a systemic correlation between individual experiences and social structures. “Living religion” became an important catch phrase of that period. In addition to the disciplines of theology and philology, now religious studies or the history of religion and special research areas such as Islamic studies became tasked with research on religion. One important network in these shifts was the History of Religions School that developed in Göttingen. During that same period, bodies of knowledge on specific religions were defined for the educated middle class, building on the academic discourses. Buddhism and Islam were given particular interest in the German-speaking areas, initially only elevating these two to the status of “world religions” alongside Christianity: Religions that categorically recruit their adherents all over the world. This simultaneously marked another important shift in religious discourses in European countries – namely that Buddhism and Islam, among others, became alternative religious options in Europe as well. Their German-speaking practitioners began organizing into religious communities. Our project, on the one hand, is studying the scholarly work of Heinrich Hackmann (1864–1935), who was a member of the History of Religions School and can be regarded as representative for the new orientation of German-language religious research. Between 1894 and 1912, he made a decisive contribution toward the empirical research of Buddhism in China and other Asian countries as a “living religion”. He helped assemble the previously scattered bodies of knowledge about different stages and schools of Buddhism by publishing an encompassing description that was also directed at the educated middle class. In 1913 he became professor for the general history of religion in Amsterdam, whereas he continued to publish largely in German, and turned increasingly to questions of the theory of religion and systematics, with special attention to contemporary world religions. On the other hand, the project examines the discursive context around Hackmann. It builds on existing research on general discourses on religion and on the establishment of Buddhism and Islam as religious communities in the German-speaking world. On the basis of primary sources, it examines the intersections of three different types of discourse in relation to Buddhism and Islam: discourses in academic research, discourses in knowledge for the educated middle class, and discourses on appropriation, i.e. discourses related to the recruitment of religious adherents and the formation of religious communities.

在20世纪初的几十年中，从欧洲角度来看，关于“宗教”的研究论述发生了变化。除了对传统的语言学解释外，还进行了对当代实践的更经验研究，“宗教”被认为是个人经验与社会结构之间的系统性相关性。 “活着的宗教”成为了那个时期的重要流行语。除了神学和语言学的学科，现在的宗教研究或宗教和特殊研究领域（例如伊斯兰研究）的历史还负责宗教研究。在这些转变中，一个重要的网络是在哥廷根发展的宗教学校历史。在同一时期，在学术话语的基础上为发达的中产阶级定义了有关特定宗教的知识体。佛教徒和伊斯兰教在讲德语的地区特别感兴趣，最初只将这两者提升到基督教旁边的“世界宗教”的地位：在世界各地招募其信徒的宗教。这仅标志着欧洲国家宗教话语的另一个重要转变，即佛教和伊斯兰教等也成为欧洲的替代宗教选择。他们讲德语的从业者开始组织宗教团体。一方面，我们的项目正在研究海因里希·哈克曼（Heinrich Hackmann，1864- 1935年）的学术工作，他是宗教史学校的成员，可以被认为是德国语言宗教研究新方向的代表。在1894年至1912年之间，他对中国和其他亚洲国家的佛教徒的实证研究做出了决定性的贡献，作为“活着的宗教”。他通过出版了一份针对受过教育的中产阶级的描述，帮助组装了以前分散的有关佛教不同阶段和佛教学校的知识。 1913年，他成为阿姆斯特丹宗教史的教授，而他继续以德语出版，并越来越多地转向宗教和系统​​理论的问题，并特别关注当代世界宗教。另一方面，该项目在Hackmann周围进行了话语环境。它建立在有关宗教的一般话语以及将佛教和伊斯兰教建立为德语世界中的宗教社区的基础上。根据主要来源，它研究了与佛教和伊斯兰教有关的三种不同类型的话语的交集：学术研究中的话语，受过教育的中产阶级知识的论述以及有关适当性的论述，即与宗教社区招募和宗教社区形成有关的论述。