Buddhism and Islam as “living religion”. Heinrich Hackmann (1864–1935) and the German-language discourses of his time

在20世纪之交的几十年里，从欧洲的角度对“宗教”的研究话语发生了转变。除了对传统的文献学解释外，还对当代实践进行了更多的实证研究，并将“宗教”设想为个人经验和社会结构之间的系统关联。“活的宗教”成了那个时期的一个重要口号。除了神学和文献学的学科外，现在的宗教研究或宗教史以及伊斯兰研究等特殊研究领域的任务是研究宗教。这些转变中的一个重要网络是在哥廷根发展起来的宗教史学校。在同一时期，在学术论述的基础上，为受过教育的中产阶级定义了关于特定宗教的知识体系。佛教和伊斯兰教在德语地区受到了特别的关注，最初只是将这两个人提升到与基督教一样的“世界宗教”的地位，即在世界各地绝对招募信徒的宗教。这同时标志着欧洲国家宗教话语的另一个重要转变--即佛教和伊斯兰教等也成为欧洲的替代宗教选择。他们讲德语的从业者开始组织成宗教社区。一方面，我们的项目是研究海因里希·哈克曼(Heinrich Hackmann，1864-1935)的学术著作，哈克曼是宗教史学派的成员，可以被视为德语宗教研究新方向的代表。1894年至1912年间，他对中国等亚洲国家佛教作为“活的宗教”的实证研究做出了决定性的贡献。他通过发表一篇同样面向受过教育的中产阶级的全面描述，帮助收集了之前分散的关于佛教不同阶段和流派的知识。1913年，他成为阿姆斯特丹的宗教通史教授，但他继续大量用德语发表文章，并越来越多地转向宗教理论和系统学问题，特别关注当代世界宗教。另一方面，该项目考察了围绕哈克曼的话语语境。它建立在关于宗教的一般论述以及在德语世界将佛教和伊斯兰教确立为宗教社区的现有研究的基础上。在原始资料的基础上，它审查了与佛教和伊斯兰教有关的三种不同类型的话语的交叉：学术研究话语、受过教育的中产阶级的知识话语和关于挪用的话语，即与招募宗教信徒和形成宗教社区有关的话语。

In the decades around the turn of the 20th century there was a shift in the research discourse on “religion” from a European perspective. In addition to the philological interpretation of traditions, more empirical research of contemporary practice was undertaken, and “religion” was conceived as a systemic correlation between individual experiences and social structures. “Living religion” became an important catch phrase of that period. In addition to the disciplines of theology and philology, now religious studies or the history of religion and special research areas such as Islamic studies became tasked with research on religion. One important network in these shifts was the History of Religions School that developed in Göttingen. During that same period, bodies of knowledge on specific religions were defined for the educated middle class, building on the academic discourses. Buddhism and Islam were given particular interest in the German-speaking areas, initially only elevating these two to the status of “world religions” alongside Christianity: Religions that categorically recruit their adherents all over the world. This simultaneously marked another important shift in religious discourses in European countries – namely that Buddhism and Islam, among others, became alternative religious options in Europe as well. Their German-speaking practitioners began organizing into religious communities. Our project, on the one hand, is studying the scholarly work of Heinrich Hackmann (1864–1935), who was a member of the History of Religions School and can be regarded as representative for the new orientation of German-language religious research. Between 1894 and 1912, he made a decisive contribution toward the empirical research of Buddhism in China and other Asian countries as a “living religion”. He helped assemble the previously scattered bodies of knowledge about different stages and schools of Buddhism by publishing an encompassing description that was also directed at the educated middle class. In 1913 he became professor for the general history of religion in Amsterdam, whereas he continued to publish largely in German, and turned increasingly to questions of the theory of religion and systematics, with special attention to contemporary world religions. On the other hand, the project examines the discursive context around Hackmann. It builds on existing research on general discourses on religion and on the establishment of Buddhism and Islam as religious communities in the German-speaking world. On the basis of primary sources, it examines the intersections of three different types of discourse in relation to Buddhism and Islam: discourses in academic research, discourses in knowledge for the educated middle class, and discourses on appropriation, i.e. discourses related to the recruitment of religious adherents and the formation of religious communities.