Sparial/temporal feeding strategies of pelagic copepod commonities

1.观察到一种以Oithona等小型桡足类为食的浅海水蚤类桡足类Tortanus(Atortus)，白天形成成群。它们的成群可能发挥作用，不仅是对鱼类等视觉捕食者的反捕食，也是检测被捕食的桡足类动物的一种觅食策略。深海超底栖水甲鱼桡足类Macandrewella是一种利用甲壳类动物身体和/或蜕皮的特殊有害矿物。该属有一个内侧的头状晶状体，这在Scolecitrichidae科中是很少见的，另一种深海Calanys Cephalophanes具有比Macandrewella更发达和专业的光学传感器，也是一种有害的动物，主要以甲壳类身体/蜕皮为食。考虑到它们相似的食性和发达的光学传感器，这些器官可能在检测栖息在甲壳类碎屑物质上的生物发光细菌方面发挥作用。浅水底栖水蚤类桡足类，如拟水龙虾和拟独眼鱼，利用底栖藻类…除了浮游生物之外，还有更多。一种以甲壳类残骸为食的海绵状水蚤Ridgeway Stygia。一种深海肉食性卡特纳龙，在上颌骨和上颌足上长着特殊的刚毛，称为纽扣刚毛。这个“按钮”可能起到减震器的作用，它们的猎物正在挣扎。纽扣的数量、布置和精细结构因种类而异。以4~15μm的小藻类为主要食性的尖吻金鱼、褐褐微藻和山羊草等中上层鱼类，主要以4~15 mm的小藻类为食。此外，松材线虫经常以甲壳类残体为食。本文测量了85种海洋、浅海和微咸水甲鱼的上颌和上颌足长度与体长的比值。只有海洋食肉动物的上颌骨非常细长(在熊猫科中为30%)或上肢动物(在真甲虫科和千足目中为40%)。附肢的伸长似乎保证了在营养稀少的水域有效地捕获被捕食的浮游动物。然而，这些食肉动物口器附属物上的刚毛装饰差异很大，表明它们使用不同的摄食方式来导致食物分离。颗粒喂食器的上颌骨和上颌骨的比例分别在5-15%和10-40%之间。较少

1. A neritic calanoid copepod Tortanus (Atortus), which is a carnivore feeding on small copepods such as Oithona, was observed forming swarms during the day. Their swarming may function, not only as an antipredation against visual predators such as fish, but also a foraging strategy to detect prey copepods.2. A deep-sea hyperbenthic calanoid copepod Macandrewella is a special detritivore utilizing crustacean carsasses and/or molts. The genus bears a medial cephalic lens which is rarely found in the family Scolecitrichidae, Another deep-sea calanoid Cephalophanes with much more developed and specialized optical sensors than in Macandrewella is also a detritivore feeding mainly on crustacean carcasses/molts. Considering their similar feeding habits and developed optical sensors, these organs may function in detecting bioluminescent bacteria inhabiting on crustacean detrital matter.3. Shallow-water demersal calanoid copepods such as Pseudodiaptomus and Pseudocyclops utilize benthic algae … More in addition to pelagic ones. A cavernicolous calanoid Ridgewayia stygia fed on crustacean remains.4. A deep-sea carnivorous catanoid Euaugaptilus bears special setae called "button setae" on the maxilla and maxilliped. The "button" may function as a shock absorber white their prey is struggling. The number, disposition and fine structure of the buttons vary among congeners.5. Pelagic harpacticoid such as Euterpina acutifrons, Microsetella norvegica and Aegisthus murconatus fed mainly on small algae ranging from 4 to 15 μm in largest dimension. In addition, A.mucronatus frequently fed on crustacean remains.6. Ratios of the maxillary and maxillipedal lengths to the body length are measured in 85 species of oceanic, neritic and brackish calanoid copepods. Only oceanic carnivores bear extremely elongate maxillae (>30% in Candaciidae) or maxillipeds (>40% in Euchaetidae and Chiridiella). The appendage elongation seems to guarantee effective capture of prey zooplankters in oligotrophic waters. However setal ornamentations on these mouthpart appendages greatly vary among these carnivores, suggesting that they employ different feeding modes to result in food segregation. Ratios of the maxilla and maxilliped in particle feeders fall within 5-15% and 10-40%, respectively. Less