Study on the Formative Era of Modem Society in France - Women's Situation in Naturalist Novels

本研究的目的是通过阅读法国自然主义小说，特别是左拉的《鲁贡-麦夸特》，来考察法国现代资本主义社会中的阶级和性别问题。这一周期中的第八部小说《爱的一页》与第七部《L的阿索阿米尔》和第九部《诺娜》形成了一种三部曲。L的《阿索莫尔》描绘了性规范模糊的工人阶级世界，而《月刊》则描写了保守的资产阶级，女性被限制在自己家的狭窄边界内。诺娜的空间是阶级和性别以批判的方式交汇在一起的空间，因为它们是性交换的空间(格里塞尔达·波洛克)左拉将这三部小说放在巴黎的不同领域，试图考察每个领域中女性的性和精神方面。这一周期的第11部小说《Au Bonheur des Dams》以一家百货商店为特色，它是时尚的领头羊。在这里，阶级也是混杂在一起的，资产阶级妇女是消费者，阶级妇女是商店女孩。左拉承认，TE商店的女孩在工人阶级和资产阶级之间形成了一个中立的阶层，因为她们每天都与奢侈品接触。但工资低，他们不得不找个情人，或者自己卖淫，因为他们离自己出售的商品很近。在交换价值超过使用价值的消费资本主义社会中，一切都变成了商品。小说中的女主人公丹尼斯拒绝了一切诱惑，并以其耐心和智慧的女性气质征服了守护神穆雷特，代表了资本主义统治下的理想女性。这项研究的特点是将这些女性的主题与马奈、莫奈、雷诺阿或贝尔特·莫里索等印象派画家的主题相提并论

The aim of this study is to examine the problem of class and gender in modem capitalist society in France, through the reading of french naturalist novels, especially Emile Zola's Les Rougon-Macquart.The eighth novel of the cycle, Une page d'amour, forms a sort of tritogy with the seventh, L'Assoamair, and the nineth, Nona. While L'Assommoir deseribes the world of labor class where the norm of sexuality is ambiguous, Une page d'amour deals with and conservative bourgeois class where the women are circumscribed within the narrow bounds of their home. The spaces of Nona is those of moierrdy where class and gender interface in critical ways, in that they are the spaces of sexual exchange (Griselda Pollock). Zola placed these three novels in different spheres of Paris and tried to examine aspects of women's sexuality and psychosisin each sphere.The eleventh novel of the cycle, Au Bonheur des Dames, features a department store, leading place of modemity. Here too, classes are mingled bourgeois ladies as consumers and wording class women as shop girls. Zola admits that te shop girls form a neutral class between working class and bourgeoisie because of their daily contact with a luxury. But low paid, they have to take a lover or to prostitute themselves, encouraged by their proximity with commodities they are selling. In the consumer capitalist society where exchange values surmounted use values, everything becomes merchandise. Denise, heroine of the novel, who declines every seduction and who conquers the patron Mouret with the only power of her patient and intelligent "femininity" represents the ideal woman under the capitalist reign. Her role seems to give a touch of humanity and morality to it.The characteristic of this study is to have remarked these women's motifs in common with those of impressionist painters like Manet, Monet, Renoir or Berthe Morisot