The social and cultural Research on German Enlightenment

本研究旨在对18世纪德国启蒙运动的发展进行社会文化分析。在德国，启蒙运动是在一个以封建结构为主的社会条件下发展起来的。贵族仍然是最有特权的阶层，垄断了权力和政府的行使。中产阶级垄断了贸易和商业，农民在政治混乱的状态下继续为人口生产足够的食物。从18世纪早期开始，许多组织、学术学院、公益社团，特别是共济会的出现，一直持续到今天，为进步和改革主义的话语和活动以及新中产阶级的出现提供了一个重要的焦点和论坛。作为一个新的社会阶层，受过良好教育的中产阶级长期以来在封建社会中根深蒂固，但他们对改革的渴望催生了一种新的意识……更多的是基于目的充实、道德和理性的概念，而不是封建的荣誉和传统。现在已不可能将这些组织的目标简单地按学问和学术分类。他们也包含了一些中产阶级改良主义的元素。有两个团体声名显赫：共济会的秘密社团和所谓的爱国和公益社团。这些社会代表了启蒙运动的两个主要流派。共济会的目标是创造一个独立于国家和教会的私人道德世界，在这个世界里，人们按照启蒙理性的法则，选择以道德和合理的方式驱逐自己，从而进一步发展。爱国主义社会旨在公开地代表国家和社会的利益，为共同利益服务，也就是说，通过实际的建议和改良主义的努力，加强爱国意识，实现启蒙运动的目标。少

This research aimed the social and cultural analysis of the development of German Enlightenment in the eighteen century. In Germany, the Enlightenment developed under the condictions of a society with a predominantly feudal structure. The aristocracy remained the most privileged estate with a monopoly on the exercise of power and government. The middle class monopolized the trade and commerce, and the peasantry continued to produce sufficient food for the population in a state of political nonage. The appearance of numerous organizations, learned academies, public-spirited societies and especially Freemasonry from the early eighteenh century onwards, which continued until the present day, provided an important focal point of, and forum for, progressive and reformist discourse and activity and the emergence of a new middle class. A new social class, the educated middle class were long to remain socially entrenched in feudal society, but their desire for reform spawned a new consciousnes … More s based on the concepts of purpose-fullness, morality and reason in place of feudal honor and tradition. It was now no longer possible to categorize the objectives of these organizations simply in learande and academic terms. They also contained some elements of middle class reformism. Two groups achieved prominence : the secret society of Freemasons and the the so-called patriotic and public-spirited societies. These societies represented the two main strands of the Enlightenment. Freemasonry aimed to create a private moral world independent of the state and the Church in which to further the development of men who, in accordance with the laws of enlightend reason, chose to deport themselves in a moral and reasonable manner. The patriatic societies aimed to function openly on behalf of the state and society in the interests of the common good, that is, to strengthen patriatic consciousness and achiee the goals of the Enlightenment by means of practical proposals and reformist endeavours. Less