Description and analysis on functions, forms and distribution of aizuchi (backchannel)

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1. Introduction1.1. There are great variation among languages, inter-individuals and intra-individuals. Quantitative approaches have limitations.1.2. Conversation Analysis is valid.1.3. "Place for reaction " is especially important for aizuchi research. At the same time conception of "intrasentential aizuchi" and "sentence-final aizuchi", and "sort aizuchi" and "long aizuchi" are important.1.4.Non-Verbal aizuchi are also important.2. Section 1"Aizuchi is not a culture but a language or speech activity"3. Section 2"Not only Verbal aizuchi but also Non-Verbal aizuchi make effects on participants of conversation "4. Section 3Review on aizuchi researches.