A Study on the Actual Conditions of Japanese Language Textbooks Censorship during the Early Post-War Period.

战后初期日本语教科书审查现状研究。

• 批准号: 11680268
• 负责人: YOSHIDA Hirohisa
• 金额: $ 1.66万
• 依托单位: Hiroshima University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1999 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11680268/
• 关键词: censorship; textbook censorship; Criteria of Deletion; postwar education; GHQ; CIE; authorized textbooks; mass communication censorship; occupation policy; 対日占領政策; 民主主義; 教科書検定基準; 中・高等学校国語教科書; 占領政策; 教科書検定

(1) The purpose of textbook censorshipIn order to democratize the educational curriculum, in other words, to eliminate ultranationalism, militarism and Shintoism and to conduct the occupation smoothly, in other words, to avoid any criticism of GHQ policy, censorship was imposed in various areas (e. g. broadcasting, plays, newspapers, magazines, movies etc.). Along with the former purpose, textbook censorship was imposed as well. This censorship lasted from the beginning to the end of occupation, covering the development from the national textbooks, including the provisional textbooks, to the early authorized textbooks. In the censorship process, three copies of a translated version of a textbook had to be submitted to GHQ.(2) Areas of textbook censorshipTextbook censorship was mainly conducted on "contents" and "expressions" with subcategories as follows : "contents": not democratic ; despising other's personality ; deteriorating students' progress ; against the prevention of cruelty to animals ; describing cruelty ; losing beauty ; misleading foreign people ; inappropriate for health ; descriptions which are too complex to understand ; wrong or inaccurate descriptions ; unnecessary descriptions ; descriptions which are not acknowledged in the academic field, "expressions" : inaccurate, inappropriate or exaggerated expressions ; inaccurate illustrations and illustrations which are misleading or do not match with their explanation ; inappropriate or misleading research ; insufficient ; inaccurate or incomplete explanation or even no explanation, making false statements.(3) Characteristics of textbook censorshipThe mass communication censorship had the characteristic of checking GHQ' s occupation policy, in other words, the censorship of adults. On the other hand, textbook censorship had a leading role to nourish democracy, in other words, the censorship towards the future of children.

(1)教科书审查的目的为了使教育课程民主化，换句话说，为了消除极端民族主义、军国主义和神道主义，并顺利地进行占领，换句话说，为了避免对总部政策的任何批评，在各个领域(如广播、戏剧、报纸、杂志、电影等)都实行了审查。除了前一个目的，教科书审查也被强加。这一审查从占领开始到结束，涵盖了从国家教科书，包括临时教科书到早期授权教科书的发展。在审查过程中，一本教科书的三份译文必须提交给总部。(2)教科书审查的领域课本审查主要针对“内容”和“表达”，细分如下：“内容”：不民主；蔑视他人人格；恶化学生的进步；反对残酷对待动物；描述残忍；失去美感；误导外国人；不适合健康；描述过于复杂；描述错误或不准确；不必要的描述；学术领域不承认的描述，“表达”：不准确、不恰当或夸张的表达；不准确的插图和误导或与其解释不符的插图；不适当或误导性的研究；不足；不准确或不完整的解释，甚至没有解释，做出虚假陈述。(3)教科书审查的特点大众传播审查的特点是检查S的占领政策，换言之，对成年人的审查。另一方面，教科书审查在滋养民主方面发挥了主导作用，换句话说，对儿童未来的审查。