Self-control in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Choice bctween larger-vs.more immediate-smaller rewards.

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In this research project, we tried to develop a screening method to find ADHD children applying Mazur's adjustment-delay procedure. In a series of experiments, we compared the data from normal university students and that of ADHD children. In addition, we found that the aversive properties of reinforcement schedule are able to enhance the off-task behavior and aggressive behavior in the experiments. To evaluate the aversive properties of reinforcement schedules, we conducted following experiment. The difference of the effect of positive and negative reinforcement on concurrent avoidance behavior was explored in 7 male and I female undergraduates. Participants pushed a button to get monetary points on a schedule of mixed VI EXT in the positive reinforcement. In the negative reinforcement, they could postpone periodic reduction0 of monetary points on the same schedule. Concurrently, they could escape or avoid a loud noise by striking the wooden plate with a hammer on Sidrnan avoidance schedule. The frequency and the magnitude of avoidance and escape response were measured. In the negative reinforcement, 3 of 8 participants showed a larger number of avoidance and escape responses than in the positive reinforcement. 2 participants showed stronger responses in the negative reinforcement than in the positive one. There was no difference between negative and positive reinforcement on measure of frequency and magnitude of avoidance responses. The increase of avoidance and escape responses under the negative reinforcement schedule indicates the emotional side effect of negative reinforcement.